Providing a summary of the respiratory diseases in the body such as asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, allergies and the immune system itself. Great notes for exam revision or even just to use as a guide to your own revision. Originally made for pharmacy course however can be used for any courses linke...
The Immune
System
The Immune System - A collection Innate immunity relies on a limited range of
of specialist cells that protect the immune cells to detect and respond rapidly to
body from invasion/infection. Skin a wide range of pathogens that share common
Respiratory system structures.
Pathogen Cytokine production during innate
Two lines of defence: Intestinal tract
associated immunity mobilises many defence
Innate immunity Blood
molecular mechanisms.
Adaptive immunity patterns These cytokines initiate cells recruitment and
PRRs which (PAMPs) the local inflammation and also contribute to
Outside cell - look for the development of fever.
Has to produce Recognises it’s PAMPs Dysregulated production of such
antibodies which job from inflammatory cytokines is often associated
recognises its site patterns with inflammatory or autoimmune disease,
making them important therapeutic targets.
PAMPs are common to Detect bacterial
Damage many pathogens. peptidoglycan Look for TNF, IL-1, IL-6
Pattern Recognition Receptors: associated DAMPs associated with fungal
tissue damage also activate Look for groups Macrophages:
Germline encoded (same in every molecular
innate immunity. RNA & Big eaters.
cell). patterns DNA Phagocytotic.
Approximately 50 different types.
Leukocytes co-express many Cytokine
Lymphocyte Receptors: The innate immune response
different ones. production.
Random modular design during combats microbes by:
Recognise key pathogen development. Many therapeutics Recruiting phagocytes and other
components. 10^-7 different types. target these molecules leukocytes that destroy the
Each lymphocyte has many copies to treat diseases of an microbes, via inflammation. Neutrophils:
of one receptor. immune and By blocking viral replication or Most common
Can recognise almost anything. autoimmune origin killing virus-infected cells by leukocyte in blood.
mechanisms distinct from Highly motile.
Initiate an inflammatory reactions, Phagocytotic.
Cytokines:
inflammatory
Cytokines are small secreted proteins Causes inflammation
response in
released by cells have a specific effect and digestion of
tissues Adaptive Immunity:
on the interactions and microbes
-Antigen
communications between cells. Aided by the actions of the innate
presenting cells
Bind to cytokine Receptors. -Recognition of specific immune system.
-Antigen
Cytokines have very prominent roles ‘nonself’ antigens, Critical when innate immunity is
specific T cells
in regulating both the innate and distinguishing them from ineffective in eliminating
-B cells
adaptive immune systems, and in the ‘self’ antigens. infectious agents.
process of inflammation. -The development of an The basis for effective
B Cells:
They can be autocrine, paracrine or immunologic memory that immunisation against infectious
Develop in Bone marrow.
endocrine. can quickly eliminate a diseases.
Produce antibodies. T Cells:
specific pathogen should
Binds to target antigen on Develop in bone marrow but
subsequent infections occur.
pathogen. mature in thymus.
– Neutralising (e.g. stopping Most common lymphocyte. Differentiate into
function) Lymphoid System:
Three broad-types plasma cells to
– Labelling (e.g. for phagocytosis) Drainage system from
– Helper CD4+ (cytokine produce antibodies
– Killing (e.g. binding to tissues.
factories)
complement proteins in plasma) Second circulatory
– Cytotoxic CD8+ (snipers)
5 types; IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD system.
– Regulatory (anti-
Lymph nodes and spleen.
inflammatory) Require antigens to The Danger Hypothesis: Nexus points where
be presented on a Immune system will dendritic cells meet B & T
special scaffold on encounter antigens from: lymphocytes
the surface of -Self
dendritic cells -Diet
-Environment
-Pathogens
Adaptive immune reactivity
relies on the context in which
new antigens are encountered.
Dendritic Cells: CD4 ‘Helper’ T cells:
Innate immune cell. No cytotoxic activity serve as immune Expansion:
Derived from same blood mediators. CD8 ‘Cytotoxic’ T cells: First response to lymphocyte
Antigen activation.
monocyte precursor as ‘Cytokine factories’ effective against Highly effective against
presenting System of regulation where
macrophage. extracellular pathogens. intracellular pathogens.
cell only cells which recognise the
Tissue resident phagocyte. Th1 cells Travel into infected tissue.
Recognises pathogens using –Produce cytokines (IFN-γ) which help Interrogate proteins the cells infection, are needed and
pattern recognition receptors. Migrate out of tissue phagocytes be more effective. are making . therefore driven to undergo
Mature in response to ‘danger’. into lymph nodes Th2 cells Targeted destruction of mitosis.
carrying pathogen –Produce cytokines (IL-4, 5, 13) which infected. Antigen-driven, antigen-
antigens. help B cells produce antibodies. specific proliferation.
The
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