Lecture notes
Lecture notes Industrial Chemistry (CHM3005a)
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- Queens University Belfast (QUB)
Lecture notes on Aspects of Industrial Chemistry and Process Development and Scale-Up
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CHM3005a - Aspects of Industrial ChemistryIndustrial Catalysis
Lecture 1 - An Overview of the Chemical Industry
Chemical Products:
Basic or bulk chemicals:
• Petrochemicals
• Polymers
• Basic inorganics
Fine Chemicals:
• Functionalised molecules
• Used as feedstocks
Speciality Chemicals:
• Fragrances
• Composites
• Fertilisers
Consumer Chemicals:
• Detergents
• Cosmetics
• Pharmaceuticals
Where do fuels/feedstocks come from?
Initial Chemical Production
Chemical Feedstock production from refining of crude oil
Year
1913 Propane formed as a by-product of cracking
1920 IPA made from petroleum
1923 First derivatives of ethane were commercialised
1940s Petrochemicals fully developed in US and Europe
,Year
1950s and 60s Rapid increases in production
1973 Oil crisis resulted in huge increase in prices
1980s Slower growth rates than 50s and 60s. Did not rebound until 1990s
Highest Volume Organic Chemicals - Listed by source
Ethylene C4 Fractions Benzene Propylene Methane Toluene Xylene
- Ethyle - Butadiene - Ethylb - Acrylonit - Metha - Benze - p-Xylene
ne - Acetic acid enzen rile nol ne - Terephth
dichlor - Vinyl e - Propyle - Formal alic acid
ide acetate - Styren ne oxide dehyd - Dimethyl
- Vinyl - Isobutylen e - Cumene e terephtha
chlorid e - Cume - Acetone - Dimeth late
e - Methyl t- ne - Phenol yl
- Ethylb butyl ether - Aceton - Bisphen terepht
enzen e ol A halate
e - Phenol - n- - Methyl
- Styren - Bisphe Butyrald t-butyl
e nol A ehyde ether
- Acetic - Cycloh - Acetic
acid exane acid
- Vinyl - Adipic - Vinyl
acetat acid acetat
e - Nitrob e
- Ethyle enzen - n-
ne e Butrald
oxide ehyde
- Ethyle - Urea
ne
glycol
*All come from refining of crude oil*
Oil and Gas Industry
,Need for conversion
, Oil Refining and Chemical Manufacturing Processes at Fawley
Distillation Products
Approximate
Name Uses
bp (°C)
< 20°C Gases CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, similar to natural gas and useful for fuel
and chemicals
20 - 150°C Light C4 - C10 aliphatic and cycloaliphatic compounds. May contain
naphtha some aromatics. Useful for both fuel and chemicals.
(mainly C5
- C 6)
150 - 200°C Heavy C4 - C10 aliphatic and cycloaliphatic compounds. May contain
naphtha some aromatics. Useful for both fuel and chemicals.
(mainly C7
- C 9)
175 - 275°C Kerosene C9 - C16 compounds useful for jet, tractor and heating fuel.
200 - 400°C Gas oil Contains C15 - C25 compounds useful diesel and heating fuel.
Catalytically cracked to naptha and steam cracked to olefins.
> 350°C Lubricating Used for lubrications. May be catalytically cracked to lighter
oil fractions.
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