Summary
Summary - PY2 - Psychology: Core studies and Applied Research Methods
- Institution
- WJEC
Summary of unit 2 psychology from the WJEC course. Including contemporary debates and research methods
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-Psychology
*on-ir /
unit 2
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B
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⑤
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2
, Contemporary debates- the ethics of neuroscience
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20 marks
Keywords: Benefits:
Useful for answering philosophical questions - crick and Koch (1998) proposed
:
Claustrima
TDCS - transcranial
the claustrum sheet neurons where consciousness is thoughts reside. Helps with
decisions on end of life care.
direct current
.
Cost of detaining an individual in prison is 36,000 pounds a year, neuroscience provides a
stimulation potentially cheaper option. Cherek (2002) shows criminals became less Impulsive and
Improves learning aggressive when given an antidepressant
Military ability Improves learning. Kadosh (2012) reports improvements in problem solving
I
Impulsive and language memory ect. When using TDCS.
aggressive Clark (2012) reported now TDCS 'improved soliders' ability to spot roadside
Anti-depressents bombs, in a virtual reality programme used by US troops, bound for the middle
east. Shows that the military uses neuroscience.
Psychologists Economic implications: current cost of treating dementia is 23 billion per year -
:
neuroscience could be capable of treating this.
/
Crick and Koch -
claustrum Costs:
Neuroscience often relies on case studies e.g. Koubeissi (2014) who reported
.
Cherek - criminal
behaviour that a 54 year old woman had no conscious recollection and could not respond to
Clark - TDCS military commands when a stimulating electrode was placed near the claustrum, is it
troops sound to base such a decision on such evidence
Koubeissi conscious Ignores social context of criminal behaviour if someone steals to feed their
Recollection - children do they deserve to be drugged. Farah (2012) neurological interventions
stimulating electrode are to invasive - offering drugs to treat crime may lead to ethical issue of
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Farah - too invasive, coercion,
drugs-coercion There is no training of those administering TDCS - possible danger to clients.
Clark- neuroscience TDCS is not available to all may give some an unfair advantage
exploitation Military exploration causes tension in the field of neuroscience. Clark claims that
Royal Society- although he doesn't want anyone to be hurt by his work, he is aware that his
neuroscience research can help those with dementia.
significant benefits for The Royal Society (2012) claims 'developments in neuroscience are likely to
society. provide significant benefits for society. However, progress in neuroscience will
raise questions on responsibility and social and ethical issues.
Many may argue that we must consider the ends justify the means.It is currently difficult to make this
assessment as although possibility of successful applications little of any real substantial progress has been
made to suggest application in reality. Although neuroscientists want to alleviate suffering the biggest user of
neuroscience is the us military. Therefore. Neuroscientists need to be educated on now research could be
misused.
, Contemporary debates - mother as the primary care giver (PCG)
20 marks
Keywords: Benefits:
Emotional and physical NHS recommends that infants are breastfed for at least six months this helps
development physical development and emotional growth. As the infants mother is the one
Oral stage - fixation. who will be feeding it is logical that the mother is the PCG.
Affectionless Freud believed the relationship between mother and infant was important during
psychopathy. oral stage. With out proper fixation could result in later problems
Hormones: estrogen and Disrupted bond e.g. Bowlby research shows possible longterm effects (affection-
testosterone less psychopathy)
Attachment maternal Some men do not have the psychological tools for this intensive relationship.
deprivation Females have helpful hormones e.g. Estroyen and are more nurturing. Hermann
Biological response (1994) reported that men were less sensitive to infant cues.
Outdated stereotypes
Costs:
Psychologists: Feeding may lead to an 'attachment' but it is not certain. Harlow's monkey
Bowlby - maternal research showed attachment towards the surrogate mother that offered
deprivation. Disrupted comfort and not food.Schaffer and Emerson (1964) showed infants attach to
bond. those who respond to needs not just the mother.
Freud- oral stage and Freud views may nave just been a repetition of societal norms. Freud believed
fixation. that fathers should play a role after infancy.
Hermann men's Bowlby produced the maternal deprivation hypothesis, he did not believe the
sensitivity to cues. mothering influence just someone capable and willing to 'mother'.
Frodi- biological Frodi (1978) found no biological response in differences of men and women when
response. infants cried, therefore girls are not 'biologically prepared'.
Harlow's monkeys- Gettler (2011) reported that during infancy fathers testosterone levels drop, to
attatchment to comfort help him respond sensitively. Many consider that the idea men can't be the PCG is
and not food. nothing more than a outdated stereotype.
Currently it is normal for men and women to want careers, it is not certain that mothers will forego this. Shared
parental leave allows men and women to divide this year long entitlement as each couple sees fit, best strategy as
not all family situations are the same. countries such as Sweden fathers have a greater role in childcare, some dads
take time off to care for children. Means economic investment in women's education is not forfeit. Perhaps a better
debate is whether one primary care giver is the best way to raise a child is a better way a close supportive family
which offers a safety net.
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