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BTEC Applied Science Unit 4 Assignment B - Synthesising an Ester DISTINCTION
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BTEC Applied Science Unit 4 Assignment B - Synthesising an Ester DISTINCTION
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TitleSynthesising an Ester
Aim
The aim of this experiment is to synthesise and test ethyl ethanoate, ester.
Prediction
For this experiment I predict that the yield would be between 70-80%.
Variables and Fair Testing
The variable for this experiment is heat, catalyst (sulphuric acid), while alcohol as the
limiting factor.
Background Information
Carboxylic acids are used to manufacture esters by reacting them with alcohols. Carboxylic acids
react with alcohols to form members of another homologous series called esters.
Concentrated sulphuric acid is used as a catalyst in this reaction.
General word equation for esterification:
carboxylic acid + alcohol == acid catalyst ==> ester + water
Propanol + Ethanoic Acid == Ethyl Ethanoate + water
Uses of Easters: Esters occur widely in nature Esters are usually sweet/pleasant smelling liquids and
widely used as fragrances (components in perfumes) and food flavourings.
Testing methods for an organic liquid in a laboratory and
industrial manufacture
Companies need a wider scale in industrial manufacturing. To work on a bigger scale, you will need
to build a large enough example of an ester, and the approach you use will vary depending on the
size of the ester. The formation of small esters is faster than that of larger esters. You may generate
a small ester like ethyl ethanoate by gently heating a mixture of ethanoic acid and ethanol in the
presence of strong sulphuric acid and then distilling out the ester as it forms. As a result, the
opposite reaction is avoided. Given that the ester has the lowest boiling point of all the compounds
present, it performs brilliantly. Because the ester is the only component of the combination that
does not establish hydrogen bonds, its intermolecular forces are the weakest. Greater esters would
take longer to develop on average. In some instances, it may be necessary to reheat the reaction
mixture under reflux for a long time in order to achieve a viability. Fractional distillation can be used
to separate the ester from the carboxylic acid, alcohol, water, and sulphuric acid in the combination.
A test tube scale is used in the laboratory. Carboxylic acids and alcohols are routinely heated
together in the presence of a few drops of strong sulfuric acid to detect the aroma of the esters that
result. Little quantities of everything would be warmed in a test tube that was placed in a hot water
bath for a few minutes. The fragrance of carboxylic acid frequently masks or distorts the scent.
, Emptying the mixture into some water in a tiny beaker is a simple way to determine the ester's
fragrance.
Comparison between the laboratory and industrial manufacture
and testing of an organic liquid
In the production of ethyl ethanoate, industrial and laboratory processes are extremely
different since the apparatus, equipment, and chemicals used in industry are much more
advanced and in larger quantities because companies create tonnes of ethyl ethanoate
daily. The majority of the substances utilised, however, are identical, such as alcohol and
ethanol.
Instead of continuing in a loop or cycle, the reactants are fed to the reactor and the reaction
is restarted from the beginning in an industrial. This process is closely monitored, and the
reactor is drained at the end of the reaction. After then, the combined product is separated
and purified. This approach is suitable for small batches of goods. The production technique
in a lab, on the other hand, is carried out in a continuous manner. Because the materials
being processed, whether dry bulk or liquid, are always in motion, experiencing chemical
reactions, or undergoing mechanical or thermal treatment, this process is also known as
continuous flow process or continuous production. Continuous processing is distinguished
from batch processing by the fact that the continuum normally entails continuous operation
24 hours a day, seven days a week, with only semi-annual or yearly maintenance
shutdowns.
Furthermore, there is a size difference between laboratory and industrial manufacturing.
Because only enough is required to undertake an experiment in the laboratory, the
laboratory scale is small. Furthermore, laboratories are rarely equipped to produce vast
amounts of anything. The industrial manufacturer, on the other hand, must sell a vast
quantity of the goods, thus their industrial scale is much larger.
Equipment and Techniques with diagrams
the equipment needed for this experiment are:
-eye protection
-glass specimen
-plastic dropping pipettes
-beaker
-test tubes
-test tube rack
-Bunsen burner
-heat resisting matt
-tripod
-gauze
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