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IGCSE Chemistry 0620 Essential Definitions
IGCSE Chemistry 0620 Essential Definitions
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IGCSE Chemistry 0620 Essential DefinitionsAcetylene: a gas (formula C2H2) used as a
fuel, for example in the oxy-acetylene torch
Acid rain: rain that is acidic because gases
such as sulfur dioxide are dissolved in it
(from burning fossil fuels)
Acidic solution: has a pH less than 7; an
acidic solution contains H+ ions
Acid fermentation: the process in which
bacteria convert ethanol to ethanoic acid
Addition reaction: where a molecule adds
onto an alkene, and the C ” C double bond
of the alkene changes to a single bond
Addition polymerisation: where small
molecules join to form a very large molecule,
by adding on at double bonds
Alcohols: a family of organic compounds,
similar to the alkanes but with the OH
functional group; ethanol is an example
Alkali: a soluble base; for example sodium
hydroxide
Alkali metals: the Group I elements of the
Periodic Table
,Alkaline earth: metals the Group II
elements of the Periodic Table
Alkaline solution: has a pH above 7;
alkaline solutions contain OH # ions
Alkanes: a family of saturated hydrocarbons
with the general formula CnH2n+2;
‘saturated’ means they have only single C–C
bonds
Alkenes: a family of unsaturated hydrocarbons
with the general formula CnH2n ;
their molecules contain a carbon ” carbon
double bond
Allotropes: different forms of an element;
diamond and graphite are allotropes of
carbon
Alloy: a mixture where at least one other
substance is added to a metal, to improve its
properties; the other substance is often a
metal too (but not always)
Amphoteric: can be both acidic and basic in
its reactions; for example aluminium oxide
is an amphoteric oxide
Anion: another name for a negative ion
anode the positive electrode of a cell
Aquifer: underground rocks holding a large
volume of water; it can be pumped out to
give a water supply
, Atmosphere: the layer of gases around the
Earth; here at the Earth’s surface, we call it
air
Atoms: elements are made up of atoms,
which contain protons, neutrons, and
electrons
Avogadro constant: the number of particles
in one mole of an element or compound; it
is 6.02 $ 1023
B
Backward reaction: the reaction in which the
product breaks down again, in a reversible
reaction
Bacteria: tiny organisms, some of which can
cause disease; others break down dead plant
and animal material
Balanced equation: a chemical equation in
which the number of each type of atom is
the same on both sides of the arrow
Base: a metal oxide or hydroxide; a base will
neutralise an acid, to form a salt and water
Battery: a portable electrical cell; for
example a torch battery
Biodegradable: will decay naturally in the
soil, with the help of bacteria
Biopolymer: a polymer made by bacteria
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