This document covers the Memory topic in A level Psychology: multi-store model, working memory model, types of long term memory, interference, retrieval failure, memory in everyday life, misleading information on eyewitness testimony, and the cognitive interview. :)
↗️(I call ‘rehearsal’ maintenance rehearsal, and call ‘consolidation’ elaborative
rehearsal)
● Coding (encoding) - the way info is changed in order to be stored in a memory store -
iconic (visual), acoustic (sound), semantic (meaningful)
● Capacity - the measure of how much can be held in memory - measured in terms of
bits of info (such as a number of digits)
● Storage - the process of storing the items in a suitable code for memory - the process
of retaining info that’s already been coded
● Retrieval - how stored items are recovered from the store - free recall (simply
remember info), cued recall (something acts as a trigger/cue for stored info),
recognition (when we identify info previously learned)
Linear model - info flows along the line, if attention is paid to the info
Sensory memory Short term memory Long term memory
Capacity Large 7 +/-2 items Unlimited
Duration 0.25 - 4 seconds 18 seconds Indefinite period of
time
Encoding Iconic/echoic Acoustic Mainly semantic
Sensory memory
Sperling (1960)
● Aim - to demonstrate the capacity of sensory (iconic) memory
● Method - ptps were shown a Visual array of 12 letters displayed for 50 milliseconds.
Participants were then asked to recall the letters they had seen immediately after
presentation.
● Results - average recall was 4/12 letters, due to the information fading so rapidly
Short term memory
Jacobs (1887)
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