Lecture notes
Chapter 5 America notes-Reagan
- Institution
- PEARSON (PEARSON)
Detailed notes on chapter 5
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A careful focus on the second-order concept targeted in the questionChapter 2 America:
Many groups were denied equality because the enforcement of laws was inadequate, for those
laws that were passed by after being fought for. Black Americans struggled for equality as they
still faced segregation and violence. The Deep South was an example of this as life for black
Americans was segregated in this part of the country.
Jim crow laws:
These laws segregated every aspect of life such as where to sit on public transport, where to
live and where to send children to school. One significant right which was not awarded to black
Americans was voting rights as in many states you had to be a homeowner to vote. Kkk was a
white supremacist organisation against anyone who wasn't a WASP member.
Federal intervention in south:
Black people lost political power from their loss of right to vote. Federal government hindered
black equality; in 1896 the supreme court in plessy v ferguson had ruled that despite the 14th
amendment segregation was possible if provision was separate but equal. When depression hit
America the federal government was focused on correcting that and civil rights issues slid even
further out of sight.
There was a wave of black migration from south to north mainly to cities known as the great
migration.
Impact of new deal:
During the 1930s the black voters shifted from mainly voting republican to voting democrat, their
vote was a significant part of the Roosevelt landslide. President Roosevelt did little to advance
civil rights due to his needing support from everyone and often restricted the number of black
workers on a project. When the war broke out he did issue the executive order 8802, banning
racial discrimination in the defence industry.
His new deal measures were supposedly colour blind, the agencies set up to provide relief and
work . black officials advised the nra to set minimum wages and working hours the same
for blacks and whites these were ignored. Some new deal measures did help, such as
one third of low income housing built had black tenants.
In 1928 the election of the first black congressmen Oscar De Priest.
One million blacks found jobs through the new deal. Over 2 million blacks migrated from
the north to the south to find industrial work during the war.
, A careful focus on the second-order concept targeted in the question
Protesting against the new deal:
Black Americans protested against the new deal due to their treatment. Sometimes they had
more support from communist and other left wing groups that supported equality than from
black civil rights organisations. In 1931 the NAACP turned down a case which a communist
party took over and won the case. Black church organisations set up support systems for black
citizens during the depression with more support coming from the north. In Harlem, the father
of the peace mission church group set up restaurants and shops that sold food and
supplies to black people at lower costs than white run stores.
Another depression hit the usa in 1937. The resettlement administration was set up by
executive order 7072 in May 1935 to resettle low income families, it gave black farmers a
fair share of money available in loans, but only helped over 3400 of over 200000 farmers.
Impact of second world war:
In the summer of 1942 only three percent of defence workers were black. Two years later
this had risen to 8 percent. Jobs still went to whites before blacks.
Impact of president Truman:
President Truman supported civil rights, he proposed anti lynching, ant segregation and fair
employment laws in 1954.
In 1946 Truman set up the president's committee on civil rights, which called for equal
opportunities in work and housing .
1943 Detroit race riots which saw 2000 white Americans arrested for racially motivated
violence.
Truman was focused on the fight against communism during the cold war. National
negro congress was a black civil rights group with communist members.
Thurgood marshall, first ever black american to serve in supreme court. Who also argued
for Brown v Board of Education 1961. Appointed by johnson
NAACP membership went from 9000 in 1917 to 600000 in 1946.
Goals: to gain black Americans their legal rights but also enforcement of these laws. Campaign
against lynching began.
Success of legal challenges:
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