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AQA AS Level Chemistry Organic Reaction Summary £2.99   Add to cart
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AQA AS Level Chemistry Organic Reaction Summary
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A summary guide for all of the mechanisms covered in AS level chemistry (AQA). This includes: (1) nucleophilic substitution with CN-, OH- & NH3 (2) free radical substitution (3) electrophilic addition with HBr, Br2, H2SO4 & H2O (4) elimination with OH- and H2SO4. For each mechanism is an example eq...

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  • June 12, 2023
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  • 2020/2021
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Nucleophilic Substitution
Nucleophilic Substitution with CN- (Haloalkane → Nitrile)




Heat under reflux with an ethanolic solution of sodium cyanide / potassium cyanide.

• Can be hydrolysed to produce a carboxylic acid by heating under reflux with a strong acid.


Nucleophilic Substitution with OH- (Haloalkane → Alcohol)




Heat under reflux with warm, dilute, aqueous sodium hydroxide / potassium hydroxide.


Nucleophilic Substitution with NH3 (Haloalkane → Nitrile)

Step 1: Ammonia acts as a nucleophile and substitutes for the halogen.




Step 2: Ammonia acts as a base (a proton donator), removing a proton from the intermediate.




Heat in a sealed tube with excess ammonia dissolved in ethanol (i.e. ethanolic ammonia).

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