Detailed notes for AQA AS level inorganic chemistry (units 3.2.1 - 3.2.3). Covers: periodicity, group 2, group 7 and period 3. Includes key reactions and facts to learn for the exam.
Period 3 .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Period 3 - Trends ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Group 2 – The Alkaline Earth Metals .................................................................................................... 4-6
Group 2 - Trends ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Group 2 – Uses ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5-6
Group 7 – The Halogens ..................................................................................................................... 7-10
Group 7 – Trends ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Group 7 – Reactions with Sulfuric Acid..................................................................................................................................................... 8
Group 7 – Tests .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Group 7 – Uses of Chlorine ...........................................................................................................................................................................10
, Periodicity
How is the Periodic Table Arranged?
• The periodic table is arranged into periods (rows) and groups (columns) by atomic (proton) number.
• All elements within a period have the same number of electron shells (but varying numbers of sub-shells).
• All elements within a group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell – so they have similar
properties.
• The group number tells you the number of electrons in the outer shell.
• The periodic table can be split into an s-block, d-block, p-block and f-block.
Atomic Radius Decreases Across a Period
• As you move across a period:
o The number of protons increases, so the nuclear charge increases.
o There is a similar amount of shielding.
o The outer electrons are in the same shell.
o The attraction between the nucleus and outer shell electron increases.
• Therefore the outer electro is pulled closer to the nucleus; hence atomic radius decreases across a period.
Electronegativity Increases Across a Period
• As you move across a period:
o The number of protons increases, so the nuclear charge increases.
o There is a similar amount of shielding.
o The atomic radius decreases/
o The attraction between the nucleus and pair of electrons in a covalent bond increases.
• Therefore electronegativity increases across a period.
First Ionisation Energy (Generally) Increases Across a Period
• As you move across a period:
o The number of protons increases, so the nuclear charge increases.
o There is a similar amount of shielding.
o The atomic radius decreases.
o The attraction between the nucleus and outer shell electron increases
• Therefore more energy is required to remove an outer shell electron; hence first ionisation energy increases
across a period, aside from various exceptions.
2
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