Kinnock sought to reorganise Pledge card contained 5
much of 83’ manifesto Peter Mandelson became director Labour Party manifesto inc. pledges
the party and moved its policies Blair secretly discussed promises which were clear and
ditched, inc. withdrawal from of communications in 85 such as referendums on devolution
towards centre ground possible coalition with Lib
5
EEC easy to understand to attract
↓
Despite Kinnock’s changes ‘Tory Sleaze’ continued to
Dems Defeat for conservatives was range of voters
between 83-87, Labour Party became much more Kinnock signalled spit w/ trade damage party
professional in its presentation unions by ending support for inevitable
defeated again in 87 Seen as serious and trusting
Smith was Kinnocks
closed shop agreements in 89’ Labour no longer easy
Under Neil Kinnock shadow Chancellor with the economy
John Smith became shadow target to attack
The 97 Election
chancellor of the exchequer in 87 abolished the trade union
Conservative message confusing, said
Realignment of the Labour Party Under John Smith block vote and introduced
gave reassuring image of they copied conservative policies and
‘one member one vote’
moderation and ↑
was old labour in disguise
competence set out to remodel pledges:
Labour party, promoted Died from heart attack in 94’ • cut class sizes to 30 for under 7 yr olds
Made deal with Brown on Some believe he
Under Tony Blair ‘New Labour’ • fast track punishment for persistent young
leadership contest could’ve been as offenders
x
wanted dramatic shift in policies achieving as Blair • cut NHS waiting lists
Blair skilful to show they breaking away from • get 250k under 25yr olds off benefits & into
communicator, attractive
to women and young
wanted to drop socialist ideas
which seemed outdated
its past
Towards a New Consensus 87-97 work
AIDS was labelled the
• no rise in income tax, cut VAT
voters ‘gay plague’
Party appeared fresh and Major outlined aim to create still not equal to heterosexual
vibrant especially in Classless society
family campaigners feared for negative attitudes
Brown ensured economic comparison to conservatives reduction in age of
Alistar Campbell changed future of marriages, divorce towards homosexuality
Youth culture consent for gay men
competence by following Labours relationship w/ rates hit peak in 90s
increasing criticisms on the challenged the grew during 80s
Conservative spending plans from 21 to 18
press & media YBA challenged ideas monarchy establishment
about what art was Extent of Social Liberalism Section 28 passed in 1988 banned
meant conservatives couldn’t attack promotion of homosexuality by local
Anti Establishment culture
↑
Labours economic policies m
no mass outbreaks Single mothers and authorities, many believed it was illegal
3 out of 4 marriages
of disorder absent fathers heavily to discuss homos in school
Queen accused of not caring of Queens children Criminal Justice & Public beginning of 90s Social Issues criticised
↑
broke down some signs of
after Princess Diana’s death Order Act in 94 gave saw ‘3rd wave
progress in race Many immigrants were Muslim, Child Support Agency set up in 93
when country was in mourning power to police to break feminism’
Thatchers position showed relations concerns about Muslim to ensure absent parents paid
up free parties
women could achieve higher integration into British society support for their children
Riot GRRRL movement,
88’ & 89’ saw time of raves growing direct action Women
96, 50% of employees
and free parties, use of ecstasy environmental movement, protests female bands sang about remained tensions Race Relations 1987 general election, 4 migration into Britain continued
sparked moral panic about drug- feminist issues were women between young black non-white MPs elected to include many immigrants
against road developments- -
spice girls made
taking brought together range of people first female speaker in men and police from New Commonwealth
94 rape in marriage ‘girl power’ Britain started to be more murder of Stephen Lawrence,
broke down on stereo types House of Commons countries; India ,Pakistan
became criminal influencial comfortable with racially motivated attack by
around women appointed in 92 , Bangladesh
offence multiculturalism gang of white youths
, Towards a New Consensus- Foreign affairs 87-97
Relations with Europe
• Thatcher signed Single European Act in 1986
• she seemed to be more negative about Britain’s relationship with Europe after this
• Made a speech in Bruges in 1988, set out her vision of the future of Europe, opposed to federalism
• whilst her speech was intended to be more positive, infuriated other European leaders, raised doubts about Britain’s commitment to further
European integration
• Thatchers negativity on Europe caused tension within her government
• after collapse of communism, Thatcher in favour of expanding EEC to include new states in eastern Europe, extend free trade, ensure that
communism was truest defeated
• Thatcher wasn’t openly anti-europe till after she left office
Major and Europe
• Major inherited openly divided government by issue of Europe
• Eurosceptics became increasingly important and vocal
• The Maastricht Treaty 1992 gave them opportunity to voice their concerns about the direction of the European Union
• Maastricht treaty designed to set up new structures to deal with expansion of EEC, conditions were set up for a single currency to come
into being in 1999
• Maastricht treaty eventually ratified by Parliament after 18 months, but didn’t bring end to the divisions
• UKIP set up in 1993
Contribution and attitudes to the end of the Cold War
• 1989 became known as the ‘year of miracles’ as communism collapsed throughout Europe
• Reagan and Thachers willingness to negotiate with Gorbachev meant a peaceful end to the Cold War
• Thatchers strained relationship with Germany meant she wasn’t invited to the 10th anniversary of the fall of the wall in 1999
• In new eastern european states, there wasn’t any divided opinions, Thatcher was widely admired
• as it was ending, war broke out in the Middle East
-Saddam Hussein sent forces to conquer the oil-rich state of Kuwait in the Arabian Gulf, August 1990
-1991 American-led coalition with Britain was backed by a United Nations resolution, they expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait in a short
military campaign
Interventions in the Balkans
• as communism collapsed in eastern europe, Yugoslav president moved away from communism towards aggressive serbian nationalism,
threatened violence against the Albanian population
• in 1991 northern republic of Slovenia declared independence, Yugoslav state began to break up- violent clashes between Serbia and Croatia
• Both EU and UN made efforts to bring a peaceful solution, but this failed
• War began in Bosnia April 1992, muslim population driven out by ethnic cleansing by paramilitaries
• Major hosted joint EU and UN conference 1992 in London, UN peacekeeping force was put in place
• Vance Owen plan set out a framework for a lasting settlement in oct. 1992
• US remained reluctant to intervene with Europe
• Serb aggression continued
• Massacre in Srebenica, 7000 bosnian men& boys killed despite presence of UN peacekeepers
• Eventually US and NATO intervened, Britain took part in the air strikes
• Serb forces agreed to peace treaty, guaranteed Bosnian independence
