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Summary A Level Biology - Brain Structure & Development Notes £2.99
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  3. PEARSON (PEARSON)
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  5. Biology A Salters Nuffield
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  7. Topic 8 (9BN002)

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Summary A Level Biology - Brain Structure & Development Notes
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Detailed and comprehensive notes on brain structure and development (Edexcel biology A). Covers the cerebral cortex/hemispheres, CT scans, PET Scans, MRI scans, fMRI scans, the visual cortex, the critical period for visual development and studying brain development. [“A-Level Biology: Edexcel A Y...

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  • June 13, 2023
  • 8
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

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Brain Structure
8.8 Know the location and functions of the cerebral hemispheres, hypothalamus, cerebellum and medulla
oblongata in the human brain.

The Cerebral Cortex
• The cerebral cortex is located at the top of the brain, and is made of mostly grey matter (neuron cell
bodies, synapses and dendrites).
• The cerebral cortex is divided into the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
• Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal).

• Midbrain: Relays information to the cerebral hemispheres, auditory information to the temporal
lobe and visual information to the occipital lobe.
• Corpus Callosum: A band of white matter (nerve axons) which connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres
and connects the cortex to other brain structures.

The Cerebral Hemispheres:




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, Brain Structure
8.8 Know the location and functions of the cerebral hemispheres, hypothalamus, cerebellum and medulla
oblongata in the human brain.

Structures in the Brain
Cerebellum
• Coordination of movements, balance.
• It receives information from the primary motor cortex, muscles and joints.

Medulla Oblongata
• Regulates involuntary processes, e.g. respiration, heartbeat, blood pressure.
• Includes cardiovascular centre and respiratory centre.

Hypothalamus
• Regulates temperature (thermoregulation), sleep, hunger, thirst and blood concentration.
• Controls endocrine function and connects directly to pituitary gland, which secretes other hormones.

Thalamus
• Routes all incoming sensory information to correct part of the brain, via axons of white matter.

Hippocampus
• Involved in long-term memory and learning.

Basal Ganglia
• Collection of neurons that lie deep within each hemisphere.
• Responsible for selecting and initiating stored programmes for movement.

Brain stem
• At the top of the spinal column.
• Extends from the midbrain to the medulla.

Pons
• Located above medulla oblongata and below midbrain.
• Maintains balance and position of head and body in space.
• Regulates breathing together with breathing centres in medulla.




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