Unit
6:
Contrasts
in
world
development
Development-‐
the
rate
of
economic
and
social
growth
and
change
of
places
1. More
economically
developed
countries
(MEDCs)-‐
richer,
more
industrialised
countries
of
the
so
called
developed
‘North’
e.g.
USA,
Iceland,
UK,
Australia,
New
Zealand
2. Less
economically
developed
countries
(LEDCs)-‐
poorer,
less
industrialised
countries
of
the
so
called
developing
‘south’
or
‘Third
world’
e.g.
Mexico,
Chile,
Madagascar,
Ghana,
Sri
Lanka
(island
off
India)
3. BRICS-‐
Brazil,
Russia,
India,
China,
South
Africa.
Large
and
growing
economies
that
contribute
to
global
patterns
of
trade
and
interdependence.
v The
map
shows
north-‐
south
divide’
which
illustrates
the
economic
difference
between
rich
north
and
poor
south
BUT
v It
is
generalised
so
some
don’t
really
fit
well
into
a
category
v E.g.
some
in
rich
north
like
Albania
and
Moldova
are
actually
quite
poor
but
end
up
in
same
as
Germany
and
USA
v Rich
countries
can
have
poor
regions
and
poor
countries
can
have
rich
regions,
but
this
is
not
shown
on
the
map
Differences
in
development
Development
gap-‐
the
division
between
wealthy
and
poorer
areas,
in
particular
the
disparity
between
MEDCs
and
LEDCs.
Two
methods:
1.
Economic
indicators
and
2.
Social
indicators
Economic
indicators-‐
development
measures
related
to
wealth.
Wealth
usually
measured
by
GNI
(gross
national
income)
per
person-‐
total
that
a
country
produces
every
year,
converted
into
US
dollars,
divided
by
population
of
the
country
E.g.
UK’s
GNI
per
person
is
$43
000
compared
to
$150
in
Somalia
Top
3
are
Qatar,
Luxembourg,
Norway,
bottom
3
are
Eritrea,
DRC,
Liberia
Vehicles
per
1,000
people-‐
number
of
cars
owned
by
people
helps
us
understand
the
amount
of
wealth
in
a
country
E.g.
Germany
has
528
cars
per
1,000.
China
has
8.
%
of
people
employed
in
primary
activities-‐
rich,
more
developed
countries
are
more
likely
to
have
more
people
working
in
secondary,
tertiary
and
quaternary
sectors.
E.g.
in
UK
only
2%
of
population
work
in
agriculture
(primary
sectors)
whereas
Vietnam
has
over
73%
Social
indicators-‐
measures
related
to
people’s
well
being
These
are
related
to
people’s
quality
of
life-‐
a
measure
of
a
person’s
emotional,
social
and
physical
well-‐being.
Birth
rate-‐
number
of
live
births
per
1000
people
per
year
Death
rate-‐
number
of
deaths
per
1000
people
per
year
Infant
mortality-‐
the
number
of
babies
per
1000
live
births
who
fail
to
survive
to
their
1st
birthday
Life
expectancy-‐
the
age
someone
is
expected
to
live
to,
on
average,
at
birth
Population
per
doctor-‐
number
of
people
per
doctor
in
a
country
%
adult
literacy-‐
the
%
of
people
over
15
years
old
who
can
read
and
write
Calories
per
person
per
day-‐
the
amount
of
calories
consumed
by
a
person
each
day
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Life
expectancy
can
help
understand
the
quality
of
Information
is
often
obtained
from
a
census
or
people’s
lives
in
a
country.
If
it
has
high
life
expectancy
household
survey,
which
may
not
be
accurate
e.g.
80
this
indicates
people
live
longer
and
they
have
high
standard
of
health
care.
Poor
life
expectancy
indicates
people
have
poor
diet
and
access
to
few
medical
services
Adult
literacy
provides
us
with
insight
into
levels
of
There
is
a
lack
of
agreement
on
which
social
measures
education.
A
high
figure
e.g.
99%
indicates
education
is
are
best
to
use
to
measure
development
provided
for
everyone,
they
may
go
on
to
get
good
jobs.
Low
value
e.g.
50%
indicates
many
only
have
primary
education
or
possibly
girls
don’t
have
same
access
to
schooling.
Have
fewer
skills,
may
disadvantage
the
county
Overall,
allow
us
to
understand
health
care
system,
Social
indicators
may
not
always
reflect
the
pattern
of
education,
hygiene,
diet
and
schooling
in
a
country,
wealth
an
lead
to
a
confusing
understanding
of
a
which
helps
us
asses
the
quality
of
people’s
lives
country’s
development
Human
development
index
(HDI)-‐
a
measure
of
development
that
combines
measures
of
wealth,
health
and
education,
thus
mixing
social
and
economic
measures
, The
UN
came
up
with
a
number
of
composite
measures
of
development,
which
combine
more
than
one
indicator.
HDI
is
the
most
important,
created
in
1990.
It
is
expressed
as
a
number
between
0
and
1.
Combines
health,
living
standards
and
education
1. life
expectancy,
measured
at
birth
in
years
=
long
and
healthy
life.
2. mean
years
of
schooling/
expected
years
of
schooling
(adult
literacy)
as
a
measure
of
how
long
children
stay
in
education
=
knowledge
3. GNI
per
capita
measured
in
$
=
a
decent
standard
of
living
Advantages
Ø Combines
social
(life
expectancy
and
school
education)
with
economic
(GNI)
to
give
more
balanced
view
of
quality
of
life
people
experience.
Enables
us
to
judge
state
of
healthcare,
education
and
overall
wealth
Ø Scale
0-‐1
is
simple
and
allows
for
easy
comparisons
between
every
country
(e.g.
Choropleth
map)
Ø Changed
the
purpose
of
development
to
that
of
meeting
human
needs
instead
of
just
about
wealth
Disadvantages
Ø Some
feel
it
still
puts
too
much
emphasis
on
wealth
and
suggest
a
measure
of
freedom
of
speech
should
be
included.
Top
3:
Norway,
Australia,
Switzerland
Bottom
3:
Eritrea,
central
African
republic,
Niger
Factors
that
hinder
development
in
LEDCs
Development
gap-‐
the
division
between
wealthy
and
poor
areas,
in
particular
the
disparity
between
LEDCs
and
MEDCs.
1.
Historical
factors
Main
historical
reasons
are
colonialism
and
theft
of
resources.
Colonialism-‐
the
system
in
which
many
European
countries
e.g.
Britain,
Spain,
Portugal
and
France
forcibly
took
over
the
running
of
countries
elsewhere
in
the
world
and
took
resources
and
wealth
from
them.
This
happened
from
16th
Century
onwards
How
did
it
hinder
development?
• It
started
with
friendly
trading
but
Europeans
grew
greedier
and
took
over
their
trading
partners
by
force
• They
took
their
raw
minerals
e.g.
iron
ore,
gold
and
diamonds
and
sold
them
finished
goods.
• This
made
Europeans
very
rich
and
left
colonies
e.g.
Congo
and
Nigeria
with
lack
of
resources
• In
time,
they
were
forced
out
but
they
left
behind
countries
with
little
or
no
industry,
education
or
skills
and
often
a
great
deal
of
unrest.
Example:
Ghana
Ghana
has
many
natural
resources
including
gold
and
diamonds
and
is
World’s
second
largest
producer
of
cocoa.
Ø 1st
Europeans
arrived
in
1471.
The
main
resource
they
wanted
was
Gold-‐
They
called
it
the
Gold
coast.
Other
Europeans
also
wanted
this
resource
were
British,
Danish,
Dutch
and
Germans
Ø By
1650,
the
slave
trade
was
more
important
because
Europeans
needed
workers
for
their
sugar
and
tobacco
plantations
in
Caribbean.
For
150
years,
slave
trade
took
100,000
people
from
Ghana
Ø By
1901,
the
Gold
coast
was
a
British
colony.
The
British
took
gold,
diamonds,
iron,
metals,
tusks,
timber,
cocoa
and
corn
Ø Ghana
gained
independence
in
1957
but
that
stage
it
had
lack
of
factories,
few
services
and
few
skilled
people.
They
were
also
left
dependant
on
the
markets
of
other
countries
so
it
remained
LEDC,
while
countries
e.g.
UK
developed
at
their
expense
2.
Environmental
Factors
Natural
hazards
e.g.
Droughts,
floods,
hurricanes,
earthquakes
and
volcanoes
often
hinder
economic
development
especially
in
LEDCs
as
they
are
less
prepared
and
do
not
have
the
finances
to
clean
up
the
aftermath.
E.g.
Haiti
Earthquake
2010
left
capital
Port-‐au-‐Prince
in
ruin.
The
government
lacked
finances
to
rebuild
countries
infrastructure
so
country
struggled
to
progress
Disease-‐
e.g.
Malaria
and
HIV/AIDS
thrive
in
tropical
climates,
where
many
LEDCs
are
located,
remains
big
problem
in
African
countries
e.g.
Nigeria
because
they
can
cause
death
and
prevent
people
working,
damaging
the
economy.
Ghana
(desertification
and
deforestation)
Ø 60%
of
Ghana’s
workforce
are
farmers
so
soil
is
key
resource
but
soil
is
being
ruined
Ø In
the
North,
parts
of
savannah
are
turning
to
desert-‐
desertification,
caused
by
drought,
chopping
down
trees,
heavy
grazing
by
livestock,
erosion
of
bare
soil
by
water
and
wind.
Without
fertile
soil,
farmers
cannot
buy
ad
sell
crops,
hindering
development
Ø In
the
South
¾
of
rainforest
has
been
destroyed-‐
deforestation.
The
exposed
soil
soon
becomes
useless
meaning
less
food
for
farmers
and
their
families
and
greater
poverty,
hindering
development.
