Full Notes on OCR A Level Geography Human Interactions for options 2.1 Changing Spaces Making Places, 2.2.2 Global Migration and 2.2.4 Power and Borders
OCR Geography A Level Notes:
Human Interactions
Human Interactions: 2
Changing Spaces Making Places (CSMP): 2
1.What's in a place 2
1.a: Places are multi-faceted, shaped by shifting flows and connections which change over
time 2
CASE STUDY – Toxteth v Lympstone 2
2. How do we understand a place? 4
2.a: People see, experience and understand place in different ways, this can also change
over time 4
CASE STUDY – Kurdistan 5
2.b: Places are represented through a variety of contrasting formal and informal agencies 6
3.a: The distribution of resources, wealth and opportunities are not evenly spread within and
between places 7
3.b: Processes of economic change can create opportunities for some while creating and
exacerbating social inequality for others 10
3.c: Social inequality impacts people and places in different ways. 12
CASE STUDY - Jakarta and London 12
4.a: Places are influenced by a range of players operating at different scales 13
CASE STUDY - Birmingham 13
5.a: Place is produced in a variety of ways at different scales 16
5.b: The placemaking process of rebranding constructs a different place meaning through
reimaging and regeneration 18
5.c: Making a successful place requires planning and design 19
CASE STUDY - Barcelona 19
Global Migration: 20
1. What are the contemporary patterns of global migration 20
1.a: Global migration involves dynamic flows of people between countries, regions and
continents 20
CASE STUDY - European Migrant Crisis 21
CASE STUDY - Polish to UK Migration 21
1.b: Current patterns of international migration are related to global patterns of
socio-economic development 22
2. Why has migration become,increasingly complex 24
2.a: Global migration patterns are influenced by a multitude of interrelated factors 24
2.b: Corridors of migrant flows create interdependence between countries 28
CASE STUDY - Brazil 28
3. What are the issues associated with unequal flows of global migration 30
3.a: Global migration creates opportunities and challenges which reflect the unequal power
relations between countries 30
CASE STUDY - USA 30
CASE STUDY - Laos 32
,Power and Borders: 33
1. What is meant by sovereignty and territorial integrity 33
1.a: The world political map of sovereign nation-states is dynamic 33
2. What are the contemporary challenges to sovereign state authority? 36
2.a: A multitude of factors pose challenges to sovereignty and territorial integrity 36
CASE STUDY - Ukraine and Crimea 39
3. What is the role of global governance in conflict? 42
3.a: Global governance provides a framework to regulate the challenge of conflict 42
3.b: Global governance involves cooperation between organisations at scales from global to
local, often in partnership 44
CASE STUDY - South Sudan 44
4. How effective is global governance of sovereignty and integrity? 45
4.a: Global governance of sovereignty and territorial integrity has consequences for citizens
and places 45
CASE STUDY - Mali 45
,Human Interactions:
Changing Spaces Making Places (CSMP):
1.What's in a place
1.a: Places are multi-faceted, shaped by shifting flows and connections which change
over time
KEY DEFINITIONS:
Places vary in culture and faces due to movement of people in and out of the area
Globalisation - Spread of ideas cultures and values
Space - Place with no meaning or connections
Location - Position in abstract has grid references
Place - Location with attached meaning
Size of location not limited and the attachment of place generated through experiences
Every person plays a role of turning a space into a place and as population increases we need
to be more aware of how we transform spaces into places.
CASE STUDY – Toxteth v Lympstone
Lympstone - Occupies a small valley on the edge of the Exe estuary. Has spaced housing
on the coastline and has lots of unbuilt and undeveloped landscape. A small beach of
pebbles and gravel runs along the foot of the cliff.
How Lympstone has changed - MET office base after they moved from London and was the
largest movement of IT equipment in Europe at the time. Has seen growth in tertiary jobs
due to building of a university and a hospital and the influx in high tech companies and
service providing companies has also provided jobs.
Toxteth - On the banks of the river Mersey. Very run down. Houses are tightly packed and
are built up/industrialised but are poorly maintained.
How Toxteth has changed - Has Europe’s largest wind farm due to government investment
and saw large rise in unemployment due to the use of containers and machinery on ships at
the docks
, Toxteth history - Originally Farmland and settlement but then development from movement
of workers it became a hub for trade with other countries. This led to increased poor housing
and living conditions, then key transport routes led to investment from many companies to
create housing for the rich, then poor sanitation and high infection rates drove away rich
people along with company investment and government investment causing further fall in
living standards.
Lympstone history - First was known for ship building but as that declined the fishing
industry grew then tourism grew in 1840’s attracting the rich causing built environment to
grow but the area remained as a small village then a new railway in 1861 caused improved
transport links then the increase of time space compression caused wider shellfish markets
and then it became a dormitory settlement in 20th century.
Toxteth:
Demographic: Majority of residents aged 16-64, low children rate, Asian 4.6% African
American 6.9% and 6% mixed.
Socio–economic profile: 24% own their houses, 34.2% in social housing and 27% of over 16’s
do not have formal qualifications.
Cultural characteristics: 78.6% of residents are white, many Muslim ceremonies and very
culturally diverse along with many Christian festivals
Political characteristics: Riverside ward which is part of 30 councils which make up all of
Liverpool, Toxteth is part of the parliamentary constituency which covers the whole of Liverpool.
Built environment: New building including mosques and ethnic retailers along with repurposed
old buildings.
Lympstone:
Demographic: Top heavy age structure, higher proportion of children and 98.9% are white
Socio economic profile: 66% of people own their house, 12% are in social housing and 14%
of over 16s do not have formal qualifications. The main type of job found there is agricultural.
Cultural characteristics: Christian calendar predominantly followed due to a Christian
dominant population and only Christmas and Easter are celebrated publicly
Political characteristics: Has a parish council, very limited control as Devon council is seen as
above them. 11 are elected for the council and it falls under the East Devon constituency.
Built environment: Residential areas were built on knocked down low order shops, some new
houses have been built on the cliffs edge. The village centre is strict to extreme planning
permissions and locals try their best to preserve and protect it.
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