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Summary England (1485—1558): the early Tudors: Mary I
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All key information pertaining to Mary I's reign including the succession crisis, restoring catholicism, Wyatt's rebellion, e.c.t...
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Succession Crisis Religion RebellionThe Plan: Restoring Papal Authority: Wyatt’s Rebellion
● The plan, known as the “Devise for his
succession”, was made by Northumberland ● Mary herself renounced the title Supreme Causes:
Head of the Church of England in 1553. ● Mary’s marriage
and Edward VI for Lady Jane Grey to
However, Cardinal Pole, appointed Papal ○ Mary had decided to marry Phillip
succeed the throne.
legate in 1553, was adamant that Church of Spain.
● The conspiracy relied on the claim that lands that had been sold off after the
Mary I was illegitimate and that the rightful ○ The timing of the plot would
Dissolution of the Monasteries would have to suggest that the marriage was the
heir to the throne was Lady Jane Grey, be returned to the Catholic Church before
who was Northumberland's daughter-in-law main cause as no sooner were
the Pope would agree to welcome England there rumours of the match than
and a Protestant. Lady Jane Grey was back.
married to Northumberland's son, Lord opposition began to develop.
● Many MPs had bought monastic land and, ○ Hatred of foreigners was easily
Guildford Dudley, and was seen as a when Parliament met in 1553, they
sympathetic figure who could rally aroused and stories began to
refused to repeal the Act of Supremacy.
Protestant support. circulate that the court would be
Indeed, even when Mary sought to
● To execute their plan, Northumberland and dominated by Spaniards, with no
confiscate the property of Protestants who
his allies convinced Edward to change the had fled (the Exiles Bill, 1555), Parliament
posts or patronage available to the
succession laws so that Lady Jane Grey refused to agree: unwilling to establish the English.
would become his heir. They also arranged principle that the crown could take property ○ There were also fears that Mary
for Lady Jane to be married to Lord from private citizens. would be dominated by her
Guildford Dudley, who was the fourth son ● Nevertheless, in 1554 Pole ‘welcomed the husband and England would be
of Somerset. return of the lost sheep’(England) on behalf dragged into the Habsburg wars.
What happened? of the Pope and in 1555 the great Act of ● Religion
● Edward died before Parliament could ratify Repeal went through Parliament and ○ Support for Protestantism was
the succession plan, so Lady Jane Grey reunited England with Rome. limited so Wyatt could not claim he
could not legally succeed the throne. ● Pole had to concede on the issue of was rebelling for religion otherwise
Despite this, Northumberland went through ex-monastic land however: all the land that it would restrict the forces available
with the plan. Henry and Cromwell had taken from the to him. He gained support based
Church before 1540 would remain in the on opposition to the marriage
● Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed Queen,
hands of those who had bought it. instead.
but her reign was short-lived. Mary I rallied
support from Catholic nobles and the ○ After the rebellion, the government
common people, and quickly raised an wanted to portray the uprising as
, army to challenge Lady Jane's claim to the Reviving Catholicism: religiously motivated so that they
throne. could claim the rebels were
● Lady Jane was arrested and imprisoned in ● The 1554 Royal Injunctions restored Protestant traitors. However, there
Catholic practices such as holy days and
the Tower of London. The conspiracy is some evidence to support those
led to the deprivation (sacking) of priests
collapsed, and Northumberland was claims:
who had married. (Eventually, 10-25% of
executed for treason. Lady Jane Grey and clergy were deprived for having married)
■ The leaders of the
her husband were also tried and found ● Cardinal Pole took energetic and positive four-pronged attack all had
guilty of treason, and were eventually steps to revive English Catholicism. He Protestant sympathies.
executed in February 1554. encouraged bishops to make regular ■ The area where Wyatt
Whose plan? Northumberland’s or Edwards? visits to their dioceses to check on the gained most of his support,
● Evidence to show it was Edward’s: discipline of the clergy. Moreover, at the around Maidstone in Kent,
o He issued his “Devise for the 1555 London Synod (Church meeting), Pole was religiously radical.
Succession '' which set out that “It is issued the Twelve Decrees: these stressed ■ Wyatt received advice from
our resolve, with the agreement of that priests should live in their parishes the deprived Protestant
our noblemen, to appoint our heir and urged an end to pluralism and Bishop of Winchester.
our dear cousin Jane. For if our nepotism. ■ No prominent member of
sister Mary were to be queen, all ● Pole also wanted to establish seminaries the plot was Catholic.
would be over for the religion we across England to train future priests, ■ When the rebels reached
have established”. He wanted Lady although these had made little impact by the London they attacked the
Jane Grey on the throne to keep the time of Mary’s death in 1558 – underfunding property of Gardiner, the
religious changes that he had meant that only one was actually set up, in newly restored Catholic
started. Mary would reverse the York. Bishop of Winchester.
changes, and he knew this, and so ● Although her regime took active steps such ● Economic
wanted a Protestant queen not a as sponsoring Catholic preachers at St ○ The decline in Kent cloth trade
catholic one. However, the devise Paul’s Cross in London, Mary was meant that there had been rising
hampered by a practical issue: most unemployment and many of those
was of little use
printers were Protestant and fled England who took part came from the area
o Edward was playing a greater role
in 1553. Pole was therefore unable to
in government, attending Privy around Cranbrook, which had
produce enough literature (hymn books, etc)
Council meetings and setting some suffered particularly from the
to support his revival of Catholicism.
agendas. Northumberland was slump.
quick to recognise Edward’s skills
Overturning Protestantism: ● Power
and involved him in consultations ● In 1553 Parliament passed the First Act of ○ Mary’s arrival on the throne had
and government. Repeal which undid all the changes made seen a shake-up in local office
under Edward and essentially returned the positions and many had lost their
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