Exam (elaborations)
CHEM 103 experiment 6 :Lab report (Portage learning) 2023
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CHEM 103 experiment 6 :Lab report (Portage learning) 2023
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ChemistryLab
Report
May
16,
2023
Experiment
#
6
Title:
Purpose:
To
study
the
infrared
Spectra
and
Pysical
Properties
of
Molescules
to
determine
what
kind
of
intra-molecular
bonds
are
present
within
the
molecules
and
what
kinds
of
intermolecular
bonds
are
present
between
the
molecules.
S o l u b i l i t y
E x p e r i m e n t
P r o c e d u r e :
Take
each
substance
and
drop
in
water
at
a
time.
If
soluble,
it
is
considered
non-polar
.
If
not
soluble
(does
not
dissolve)
and
forms
a
substance
or
leaves
a
top
layer,
it
is
considered
polar
or
hydrogen
bonding.
D a t a / R e s u l t s / C a l c u l a t i o n s :
Results:
Substance
Soluble
in
Water
Non
Polar
Polar/Hydrogen bonding
Potassium
Chloride
Yes
Ionic
Compound
Pentane
No
Yes
(Due
to
3
or
5
carbon chains
in
molecules)
Soluble
to
N-Propyl Chloride
(Polar)
Normal
propyl
chloride
No
Yes
Soluble
to
Pentane (Polar)
Ethyl
Alchol
Yes
Yes
Normal
Butyl
Alchol
Partially
(Non
polar
4
carbon
chain decrease
solubility)
Yes
Tertiary
Butyl
Alchol
Yes
Yes
Acetic
Acid
Yes
S o l u b i l i t y
S t u d y
C o n c l u s i o n :
○
KCl
was
found
to
be
soluble
in
water
supporting
the
fact
that
it
is
an
ionic
compound
○
Ethyl
alcohol,
t-butyl
alcohol,
and
acetic
acid
were
all
found
to
be
soluble
in
water
supporting
the
fact
that
they
are
hydrogen-bonding
compounds
○
N-butyl
alcohol
seemed
to
be
partially
soluble
indicating
that
despite
its
hydrogen
bonding
character,
the
non-polar
4
carbon
chain
decreased
solubility
○
Pentane
and
n-propyl
chloride
are
insoluble
because
of
the
nonpolar
3
or
5
carbon
chains
in
their
molecules
○
The
solubility
of
pentane
and
n-propyl
chloride
were
further
tested
and
they
were
found
to
be
soluble
in
one
another
indicating
that
they
are
nonpolar
compounds.
■
Insoluble
in
water
since
it
is
polar
but
soluble
in
one
another
(both
nonpolar)
CHEMISTRY LAB REPORT EXPERIMENT 6 ■
Like
dissolves
like
B o i l i n g
P o i n t
E x p e r i m e n t
Molecular
bonding
can
be
determined
from
studying
the
physical
properties
of
the
molecules,
especially
the
boiling
points
of
liquid
materials.
We
will
measure
the
boiling
point
of
some
of
the
materials
and
compare
all
boiling
points
to
determine
the
facts
abuot
i n t e r m o l c u l a r
b o n d s
present
between
molecules.
E f f e c t
o f
I n t e r m o l e c u l a r
f o r c e s
The
boiling
points
of
substances
are
greatly
affected
by
the
inter-molecular
forces
between
the
molecules
which
are
holding
them
together
in
aggregates
causing
them
to
exist
in
the
liquid
state.
The
stronger
these
forces,
the
more
energy
will
be
required
to
separate
the
aggregates
into
the
individual
gaseous
molecules
(the
higher
will
be
the
boiling
points
of
the
molecules
with
greater
intra-molecular
forces.)
The
relative
strength
of
inter-molecular
forces
is:
Strong
to
weak
Ionic
→
Hydrogen-bonding
→
Dipole-dipole
→
Van
der
Waals
E f f e c t
o f
M o l e c u l a r
W e i g h t
Among
substances
with
relatively
similar
intermolecular
forces,
the
higher
the
molecular
weight
the
greater
the
mass
of
the
molecules
and
the
greater
their
surface
area.
Greater
surface
area
causes
stronger
attractions
between
the
heavier
molecules
requiring
more
energy
to
separate
the
molecules
into
individual
gaseous
molecules,
so
the
higher
the
molecular
weight
molecules
will
have
the
higher
boiling
points
E f f e c t
o f
B r a n c h i n g
( S y m m e t r y )
Among
substances
with
relatively
similar
inter-molecular
forces
and
molecular
weights,
a
greater
degree
of
branching
causes
those
molecules
to
have
greater
symmetry.
Greater
symmetry
results
in
a
lower
surface
area
requiring
less
energy
to
separate
the
molecules
into
individual
gaseous
molecules,
so
the
m o l e c u l e s
w i t h
a
g r e a t e r
d e g r e e
o f
b r a n c h i n g
w i l l
h a v e
t h e
l o w e r
b o i l i n g
p o i n t s .
-
molecules
with
more
branching
will
have
a
lower
BP
An
ionic
substance
(like
potassium
chloride,
KCl,)
should
have
the
highest
boiling
point
since
it
has
the
strongest
inter-molecular
forces,
and
should
have
the
highest
boiling
point.
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