A 35-page full set of detailed revision notes on King Henry III for OCR A level history (late medieval study component). Includes all the examples, key events and details that you will need to succeed in your essays. Notes are structured, as per the specification, around the following key periods: ...
Henry III: minority and early years of the reign (1216-32)
Henry’s position in 1216
Rebel barons – supporters of Louis, captured the ports of London,
Porchester and Southampton, controlled the castles at Guildford, Farnham
and Winchester
- Disinherited barons who had lost their lands in England when
Normandy was retaken by the French in 1204
Riots against foreign clergy – distaste for foreigners who gained jobs
since 1215
Des Roches returns to court – his return resulted in the arrest of
Hubert de Burgh and the recovery of royal power that had been lost as a
result of Magna Carta
Rebellion in France – death of Richard the Marshal (who fought on the
side of the king) as well as the freeing of de Burgh
Regency council – Henry was only 9 years old and England was ruled by
council
Coronation of Henry III
- Crowned at Gloucester Cathedral on the 28th October
- No archbishop of Canterbury present
- Carried out by papal legate – Guala Bicchieri
- Conducted with a crown of flowers rather than the crown jewels
- Attack on Goodrich Castle, only 18 miles away, by the Welsh
- Scottish king Alexander had retaken Carlisle and done homage to
Louis for the northern counties of England
- November 1216 – Magna Carta is reissued
Regency council – (1216-1227)
- Supporters of Henry – mercenary captains from John’s reign, men of
experience such as Peter des Roches and Hubert de Burgh, loyal
English barons such as Ranulf of Chester, and John’s agents, such
as William Brewer
- Support also from John’s foreign captains – e.g. Fawkes de Breauté
and Engelard de Cigogné blocked the had route into the Midlands
o owed their positions to John
o stood much to lose from a victory for Louis’ side – e.g.
Ranulf, Earl of Chester, whose rival for earldom of Lincoln
was a supporter
- Hubert de Burgh was able to hold Dover Castle (‘the key to
England) for 15 weeks – crucial as it enabled Henry’s navy to patrol
the Channel and limited Louis’s communications with France
, - Henry has William the Marshal I, Earl of Pembroke on his side – he
had power as lord of Chepstow, Pembroke and Leinster but he also
had prestige
o Respected general even though he was 70 years old
o Skill had already been seen as regent while awaiting Ranulf
- England is a papal fief – removes the legitimacy from the rebel
cause
o Help to relaunch Magna Carta in Bristol in 1216
o Guala Bicchieri acted decisively to weaken Louis’s cause
o Excommunication of Louis’s supporters in 1217
turned the fight against Louis into a crusade
deprived the rebels of ecclesiastical support
Louis would not be able to be crowned
no quarter would be given to those captured, while
supporters of Henry were absolved of their sins and wore
the white cross
- Magna Carta is reintroduced and upheld in Bristol in 1216
The failure of Louis’s invasion
- Louis makes the decision to split his army after an invasion of the
north of England by Scottish King Alexander in spring 1217 - sent a
force under the Count of Perche to help his allies in besieging
Lincoln Castle while he led the remainder of his forces to renew he
siege of Dover Castle
Lincoln – May 1217
- William the Marshal I gathered together a force of some 400 knights
and 250 crossbowmen and marched to Lincoln
o 6 hours of fighting, victory of Des Roches, Ranulf and the
Marshal
o Fawkes de Breauté launches a surprise attack
o Perche was killed and most rebel barons were captured
Dover – August 1217
- Naval attack led by de Burgh
- Battle of Sandwich – French naval forces beaten off Dover in August
1217
o French captain, Eustache, captured and beheaded
o Defeat denied the French access to Kent, London and the SE
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