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Summary Issues and Debates A-level Psychology
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Document which contains help on issues and debates for psychology, can be useful for any exam board
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Freewill is the concept that everyone is in control of their own behaviourHolism believes that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts and states that
behaviour is the result of lots of things interacting together. Recognising Hans’ phobia was
the product of interacting factors such as his unconscious desires and anxiety. Freud came
to the conclusion that Hans was affected by the Oedipus Complex due to a mix of these
factors.
Lee - determinism
The idea that our behaviour is determined by forces beyond our control which can be both
internal and external. Lee et al’s study is deterministic because it focuses on identifying
causal relationships between variables, with the assumption that the outcome can be
predicted based on certain inputs.
Chaney’s study is useful because it can be applied to real-life situations. For example, when
dealing with children with other conditions like asthma, we can apply the findings of
Chaney’s study and make the medicine more entertaining to use, which increases
adherence.
Research can be defined as socially sensitive if it has negative impacts on people, either
directly for the pps or those represented by the research. Research into individual
differences involve pps that ‘differ’ from the majority and therefore findings can have
negative consequences in terms of stigmatisation or discrimination.
An example of socially sensitive research is Freud’s research of Little Hans in which he
observed his fantasies and phobias. This study can be considered socially sensitive because
private issues that caused a child stress were publicised and exposed.
Ethical considerations in relation to the social area
1st para - strength is that kohlberg kept his study confidential - did not reveal info about
pps and only used them to find results
2nd - we can argue that the social area is unethical bcs it often deceives participants. For
example, the pps in Milgram's study did not know what the study was truly about and
thought it was a game where the teacher (participant) shocked the learner every time they
got a question wrong. This is considered unethical because deception takes advantage of
the trust of participants and creates a bad reputation for psychological research. Therefore,
Nominal data is categorised whereas interval data is continuous.
Interval data can therefore measure meaningful statistical data and
nominal data stays qualitative4e55555555555555555555555555555r€
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