Lecture notes
Stem Cells Week 12 Lecture Notes
- Module
- Stem Cells (BMD363)
- Institution
- Queen Mary, University Of London (QMUL)
Lecture notes from week 12
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Content preview
NEURAL STEM CELLSEvidence for Postnatal Neurogenesis
Until the 1950’s there was no way of measuring proliferation other
than observing mitoses
1960’s Tritiated tymidine (3H-TdR) was first applied to adult brain
Joseph Altman observed labelling in cortex, hippocampus and
olfactory bulb of adult rats
His work was ignored for 40 years!
Newly Generated Cells in Adult Macaque Dentate Gyrus
1997-99 Fred Gage and coworkers used BrdU and cell-type markers to evaluate neurogenesis in
animal models
Neurons in the dentate gyrus express NeuN
TuJ1-positive cells in the SGZ
1999 Kornack & Rakic showed neurogenesis with BrdU incorporation and cell-specific markers in
dentate gyrus of adult macaque
Dynamics of Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Adult Humans
o Nuclear-bomb-test-derived 14C in human hippocampal neurons reveals adult neurogenesis
o The annual turnover rate is 1.75% (700 new neurons in each hippocampus per day)
o The extent of adult neurogenesis is comparable in middle-aged humans and mice
Adult Neural Stem Cell Niches
NSCs primarily differentiate into neurons,
astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, depending on
environmental cues
Potential of using NSCs to treat central nervous
system diseases, including Parkinson’s and
Alzheimer’s disease.
More recently, induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPSCs) have been proposed as an alternative
efficient method of generating neural stem cells.
Location of CNS stem and progenitor cell niches
In the adult brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) exist principally in two regions.
The SVZ of the lateral ventricle and the SGZ of each hippocampus (Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla,
2009), where neurogenesis occurs continuously.
Subventricular Zone of the Brain
(a) V/SVZ (orange) adjacent to the lateral ventricles. B1 stem cells
(dark blue) exposed to signals from three compartments:
CSF/ependymal cell niche (apical)
Intermediate SVZ niche
Perivascular niche (basal)
Ependymal cells (grey)
, Stem cells (dark blue)
Transit amplifying cells (green)
Neuroblasts (red).
Astrocytes (light blue)
Long distance axon terminals (purple).
Endothelial cells (pink)
Pericytes (yellow)
(B) B1 stem cells (green) have a polarized radial morphology and extend a long basal process that contacts
the vasculature (red).
Fate of Migrating Neuroblasts
- Postnatal neuronal precursors (grey) generated in the SVZ migrate
to the olfactory bulb (OB) and give rise to GABAergic OB neurons
- When homeostasis is disrupted (via the listed possibilities), SVZ
neuroblasts invade the parenchyma and adopt different fates
B1 Cells Decline Over Time
The majority (∼80%) of B1 cells becomes consumed by the
generation of type C transit amplifying cells (green), leading
to a declining B1 cell population as the animal ages
Generation of new neurons in the Subgranular Zone
(SGZ) of the adult Hippocampus
• The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus continues generating
new neurons throughout life.
• These neurons originate from radial astrocytes within the
subgranular zone (SGZ)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller edoz02. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £4.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
80461 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now