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ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate/135 Questions and Answers
ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate/135 Questions and Answers
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ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy ImmunotherapyCertificate/135 Questions and Answers
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage - -
-Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function - -
-The Normal Cell Cycle - --The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of
processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing
complexes molecular information
-Interphase and Mitotic Phase - -Cell division produces two identical cells
through these two major phases
-During interphase: - -Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the
following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
-First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - --cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
-Synthesis Phase (S phase) - --DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
-Mitotic Phase (M phase) - --Replicated chromosomes are aligned,
separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
,-Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - --G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
-Restriction Point - --The transition from the resting phase into an actively
dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction
point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to
send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
-G0 Phase (resting phase) - --After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1
phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
--Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - --Exceptions
to this are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
-Cell Cycling Time - -Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
-Cell cycle video and image -
-http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter
2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
-Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - --The cell cycle
is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division
can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to
cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression
through mitosis
, -Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - -1.
cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the
cell cycle
-Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - --(G0-G1) : Cyclin D
and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
-Inhibitory proteins - --prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage
is detected
-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
-DNA Damage Checkpoints - --If DNA damage is present, cells are
programmed to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-
understood inhibitory proteins (IP)
-Inhibitory proteins p53 - --Levels of this IP regulate several important
target genes
-Will increase when DNA damage is present
-Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation
-sometimes called the "suicide gene"
-M Phase Checkpoints - -When the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes
line up in the mitotic spindle.
If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed to
continue
-Immunity - -
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