Psychology notes that gained me an A* at A Level. I created this using textbooks, mark schemes, class notes and my own further research to provide a comprehensive set of notes. This is formatted according to the AQA psychology specification, where each point is covered, but regardless of the exam b...
SLT
All behaviour is learnt from observing others.
Direct reinforcement: when children carry out gender appropriate behaviour
they are rewarded (praised/encouraged) thus its reinforced. The way boys and
girls are encouraged to show distinct gender appropriate behaviour is
differential reinforcement, which is where the child learns their gender identity.
Indirect reinforcement: if the consequence of another person’s behaviour are
favourable the behaviour is more likely to be imitated. If consequences are
unfavourable e.g. punished then less likely to imitate.
Identification and modelling: identification is when a child attaches themselves
to a person who possesses qualities the child sees as desirable - role models
who are attractive, high status and same gender. Once they identify w the
model, they observe and imitate the behaviour – modelling which occurs
through the mediational processes.
Attention, retention, motivation, motor reproduction.
Ao3:
Support from Lloyd who found that if a mother thought she was playing w a
boy, she encouraged more motor activity and gender appropriate toys, if a girl
then a cuddly toy. Therefore different parental interactions. Shows direct
reinforcement based on stereotypical biases.
Explains cultural changes in stereotypical gender-appropriate behaviour.
Despite no change in people’s biology, there’s less of a distinction between
what people regard as masculine and feminine in many societies. This shows
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