Exam (elaborations)
WGU Educational Psychology and Development of Children and Adolescents - D094 – 59 Q and A-2023
WGU Educational Psychology and Development of Children and Adolescents - D094 – 59 Q and A-2023
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WGU Educational Psychology and Development ofChildren and Adolescents - D094 – 59 Q and A-2023
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - -Graph that shows that individuals must
satisfy a basic series of needs before they can reach their full potential.
-Maslows Needs level 1 - -Physiological needs ( water, food)
-Maslows needs level 2 - -Safety and security ( Place to live, physical or
financial safety
-Maslows needs level 3 - -Love and acceptance. Love and belonging needs
involve interpersonal relationships—friendships, intimacy, trust, romance and
love, and being part of a group.
-MAslows needs level 4 - -Esteem Esteem needs include self-respect,
respect from others, achievement, independence, status, and prestige.
-Maslows needs level 5 - -Self- actualizations personal growth and
fulfillment and the realization of one's personal potential as a human being
(as Maslow put it—a desire "to become everything one is capable of
becoming.")
-Piaget Theory Stage 1 - -0-2 years old Sensorimotor stage. Using there
senses and very active. Learn Object permanence
-Piaget theory stage 2 - -2- 7 years old preoperational good at pretend play
and egocentric
-Piaget theory stage 3 - -7-11 years old Concrete operational, conservation
(Water doesn't change in different glass) Children reason math
-Piaget stage 4 - -12+ Formal observation. Moral reasoning, knowing
consequences, abstract
-Schema - -A group of thoughts children use to categorize things. ( knowing
a horse is big and has four legs, so when they saw a cow called it a horse)
-Vygotsky - -Socioculture development. SOCIAl interaction between children
and those around them and their cognition. Varies across cultures
-Elementary Mental Functions - -having a tutor
Attention, sensory, perception, memory
-Higher mental function - -Becoming indpendent
, -More knowledgable other - -Vygotsky said children needed someone in
order to show them
-Zone of proximal development - -phase of learning during which children
can benefit from instruction (When the child is actually learning)
-Vygotsky on language - -Private speech or internal speech aids in
development. Language is an accelerator for thinking and understanding.
Watching and learning language form others.
-Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development - -theory, people experience
-Erikson Stage - -infant-trust vs mistrust
toddler (1-3) autonomy vs shame
preschool-initiative vs guilt
school=industry vs inferiority
adolescent-identity vs role confusion
-Bandura theory of model learning - -emphasizes the importance of
observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional
reactions of others. Social learning theory considers how both environmental
and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and behavior.
-Bandura: How many models did he use and what were they - -ive (with a
live demonstration or model), verbal (in which the action or behavior is
described), and symbolic (in which a behavior is modeled through characters
in media).
-Kohlberg - -theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of
stages in the process of moral development.
-Carol Gilligan - -moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She
studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six
stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and
principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse
-Noam Chomsky - -theorist who believed that humans have an inborn or
"native" propensity to develop language ( Language acquisition device)
-B.F. Skinner - -Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant
conditioning Imitating others. Positive response to reinforce. (e.g., seeing a
sibling ask for an apple and then asking for one)
Prompting from others (e.g., a parent might ask, "Do you want an apple?")
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