Lecture notes on clinical psychology module regarding autism. Discusses how autism can be assessed, and critically analyses these methods of assessment- particularly regarding autism in females. Interventions available for autistic individuals. Also how autism typically presents in individuals.
Lecture 11 - Autism - Assessment and Intervention
Learning Objectives
Brief history of autism
Features of autism
Prevalence of autism and causes
How we assess and diagnose autism
What interventions are available for autism
Neurodevelopmental Conditions
A group of conditions with onset in early development and are characterised
by developmental deficits that impair personal, social, academic or
occupational functioning.
Autism is just one of these conditions.
Others include:
- Intellectual Disability
- Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
- ADHD
- Language Disorder
- Developmental Coordination Disorder
- Tic Disorders
And more.
History
Leo Kanner (1894-1981):
- Coined the label 'early infantile autism'.
- In his seminal paper Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact he
identified children with:
A powerful desire for aloneness
An obsessive insistence on persistent sameness.
Hans Asperger (1906-1980):
, - Described a "milder" form of Autism - Asperger Syndrome same criteria
as autism, but no language delays or cognitive disability.
- Work not recognised until the 1980s - probably due to writing his papers
in German.
- However, his work is marred by involvement with Nazism.
- Asperger's has been removed from the current diagnostic manuals.
Wing and Gould (1970s) introduced the idea of an autistic 'spectrum'.
- Difficulties with socialising, communication and imagination across a
range of ability levels and severity.
Features of Autism
Historically - Triad of Impairment
DSM-III and DSM-IV (1979-2013): diagnosis based on Triad of
impairments in three domains:
Social communication
Social interaction
Repetitive behaviours
Three types of autism:
- Autism full triad, and those with language delay and cognitive
deficits.
- Asperger's Syndrome full triad but NO language delay and "normal
IQ", i.e. no intellectual disability.
- Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS):
substantial features but not enough to meet criteria.
Now - Dyad of Impairment
DSM-5 (2013-present)
Triad has been collapsed to dyad difficult to separate social communication
and social interaction.
Move away from a categorical model -'you either have it or you don't'.
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