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UK urban trends revision notes
Notes for urban trends in the UK for OCR geography A
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UK Urban TrendsPopulation change and the demographic transition model
The population of the UK is ageing
Immigration is partially helping with this issue as most immigrants are young economically
active and will additionally provide labour
The demographic transition model shows changes in the structure of the population over
time
Stage 1 - Death rates are high due to lack of sufficient healthcare. This will cause families to
have more children as many are not expected to live. This will cause a population pyramid of
the population to be bottom-heavy, as the population is very youthful due to having a low
life expectancy, and the total population will remain the same.
Stage 2 - Death rates decrease due to improvements in healthcare. The birth rate remains
high, therefore there is a large increase in the total population.
Stage 3 - The birth rate starts falling due to infant mortality rates dropping, meaning families
do not need to have as many children. There is more education, including education around
contraception, therefore women can choose to have less children. The population continues
to grow, however, the population pyramid is now less bottom heavy.
Stage 4 - Advanced society, both birth rates and death rates are relatively low, so the
population will stagnate. The life expectancy increases, so the population pyramid will start
becoming more top-heavy. This is roughly where the UK is.
Stage 5 - It starts becoming more expensive to have children, discouraging couples to have
more children. The population is ageing, and the death rate is higher than the birth rate,
causing an overall population decline. The life expectancy increases, causing the population
pyramid to become top-heavy.
Causes of an ageing population
Many people born in 1960s (baby boomers) are now moving into old age
Better healthcare will increase life expectancy
Smoking is less common now, which used to cause many deaths in the past
Better awareness of importance of a good diet
Better education standard, women able to make more responsible choices
Increased cost for raising a child
What are the problems with an ageing population?
Healthcare costs will increases due to the elderly requiring support and expensive
treatments
Older people will generally not contribute to the economy
Older people may be looked after by younger economically active relatives, hindering their
ability to work
There are shortages of places in care homes
Bed blocking - elderly take valuable spaces in hospital beds as there is no space in care
homes
However, elderly have more time, can help take care of children, can volunteer, have more
time to campaign against issues and have more money to spend
How can we deal with an ageing population?
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