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AQA level 3 extended certificate in Applied Science - Unit 5 Investigating the effects of pectinase on the extraction of apple juice £7.49   Add to cart
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AQA level 3 extended certificate in Applied Science - Unit 5 Investigating the effects of pectinase on the extraction of apple juice
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This document gives a sample coursework of my own from Unit 5 Investigating science as part of Applied Science.

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  • June 29, 2023
  • 56
  • 2022/2023
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Nathan Bates 13O


Investigate the use of immobilised cells in Bioreactors
Investigating the effects of the enzyme pectinase on the extracting juice from
apples




1

,Nathan Bates 13O


Prepare for a scientific investigation

Aims
• I intend to justify my prior knowledge about temperature effects on enzyme activity by
investigating the effect of pectinase on the extraction of pectin in apple juice.
• I also would like to extend my further knowledge about the effects of pH levels and
concentration levels of pectinase on the extraction of pectin from apple juice using
pectinase, as my knowledge is rather vague.
• I intend to carry out the full procedure, providing the following aims, scientific principles,
risk assessment, results with graphs, evaluations, amendments, and conclusions.
• In terms of a real-life scenario, an American scientific group may need to figure out the
effect of pectinase on the extraction of apple juice from apples through the use of
immobilised enzymes. This could be to find a strategy to make apple juice more efficiently
with the use of immobilised enzymes because COVID-19 has caused a drop in apple juice
supplies due to panic buying. In addition, the US experience a loss of around $1 343 6001 in
apple production, this then lowered the amount of apple juice produced and available in US
supermarkets.


Scientific research about Pectinase, Alginate beads, Immobilised
cells/enzymes, Bioreactors and enzyme nature

What is Pectinase?
• It is a naturally occurring enzyme that breaks down pectin. Pectin is a substance found in the
cell walls of certain types of plants and fruits; it also helps keep the shape of the fruit.
• Pectinase also has other uses in industry, e.g. in pulp and paper production, brewing, wine
making and food processing.

How is pectinase produced?
• Microbial pectinase is produced by submerging bacteria in a liquid that is continuously
agitated, or by solid-state fermentation.2



Record sources of information used to support research and conclusions using the Harvard
Reference System




1 Ridley, W and Devadoss, S. (2020) The effects of COVID-19 on fruit and vegetable production [online] onlinelibrary.wiley.com, USA
Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aepp.13107 (21.06.21)
Wiley online library is an American online information library which offers vast information on various different topics in American society;
I used this website to gather statistics surrounding the effect of COVID-19 on apple juice production. I consider this source to be extremely
trustworthy because this website has an author name, date, references and citations.
2 Busch, S. (2020) Pectinase [online] puracy.com, UK

Available from: Pectinase - What It Is and How It's Made | Puracy (21.06.21)
Puracy is a blog website that sells eco-friendly and plant-based products such as natural Gel hand soap, but It also explains the science
around products such as pectinase. I used this source to find out how pectinase is produced and I consider this source to be valid, because
it has an author and a date of publication. However, it doesn’t have any citations or references.

2

,Nathan Bates 13O


What is Immobilization of cells?3
• process wherein cells are fixed in a suitable matrix and are used in:
• bioconversion- conversion of one chemical compound into another by living organisms.
• production of genetically engineered proteins
• Tissue grafts- surgical procedure of moving tissue from one site of the body to another.

Advantages of immobilising cells4
• Once a column is set up it can be repeated.
• products cannot be contaminated with enzymes.
• Enzymes can be easily added or taken out.
• Increased efficient use of the enzyme being immobilised.

Disadvantages of immobilisation cells
• can be disastrous, due to unrestrained growth being able to burst soft or thin-walled
containment structures to release previously entrapped organisms
• there have been no developments to create a versatile, general matrix capable of holding a
variety of cells and functioning in differing bioprocesses
• Enzymes can become unstable after the immobilisation process.

What is sodium Alginate?

Sodium Alginate is a linear polysaccharide derivative of alginic acid. It is a cell wall component of
marine brown algae, and contains 30-60% alginic acid, sodium alginate has a liquid gel feature in
aqueous solution.
It has a molecular formula of C6H9NaO75. This image shows the 2D structure of the compound Sodium
Alginate.




3 BiologyOnline (2001) Cell immobilisation [online] BiologyOnline.com, USA
Available from: Cell immobilization Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary (21.06.21)
BiologyOnline is a website/database of Biology terms and topics, it has various topics ranging from Active Transport to Zygotes. I used this
website for the purpose of finding out what the term immobilisation meant in terms of enzymes. I consider this dictionary website t be
very invalid as it has publication date, no specific, no citations. However, it did make 2 references.
4 EmilyRose5 (2016) Immobilised enzymes [online] getrevising.co.uk, UK

Available from: Advantages/Disadvantages of Immobilising Enzymes - Advantages and disadvantages table in A Level and IB Biology
(getrevising.co.uk) (23.06.21)
GetRevising is a revision site that was organised with the intention to boost students’ grades. I used this revision site to find out some
advantages and disadvantage of cell immobilisation, I consider this source to be fairly valid because it has a date of publication and it has
an author username. However, it has no citations or references present.
5 PubChem (2005) Sodium Alginate [online] Pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, UK

Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-alginate (19.10.21)
PubChem is the world's largest collection of freely accessible chemical information. Search chemicals by name, molecular formula,
structure, and other identifiers. It allows one to explore physical, chemical and biological activities. I used this website to find out
information on the structure of sodium alginate therefore I consider this to be a very valid medical information source because it has a
date of publication, an author name and plenty of references. However, it has no citations.

3

, Nathan Bates 13O




6



Explain the scientific principles behind the investigation

How are Calcium Alginate beads made?

Sodium Alginate beads are made by adding a mixture of pectinase and sodium alginate solution into
a solution of aqueous Calcium Chloride. When the sodium alginate solution is added, the calcium
ions in the chloride begin to cross-link the polymers inside the alginate solution creating a soft,
flexible gel like bead.7

The following equation shows sodium alginate reacting with calcium chloride:
Sodium Alginate + calcium chloride -> 2 sodium chloride = calcium alginate
Na (Alginate) + CaCl2 -> 2 NaCl + Ca (alginate)
As a result, calcium alginate beads are produced.

Why are Calcium Alginate beads useful?

Calcium Alginate beads can be used when dealing with hazardous products to absorb waste from
contaminated solutions.8 For example, when dealing with wounds the calcium alginate can be used
to absorb unwanted substances in a wound. Calcium Alginate beads are reusable, which is most
effective when having lots of variable intervals to measure in an experiment. Calcium Alginate can
immobilise enzymes, to control catalytic activity9 in a solution for example pectinase in an apple
juice solution.

Equipment list for creating calcium alginate beads

• 100cm3 calcium chloride
• 50cm3 sodium alginate


6 Dos Santos, L. (2017) 4.2 Alginate [online] Sciencedirect.com, USA
Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemical-engineering/sodium-alginate (19.10.21)
ScienceDirect is a scientific website that allows one to explore scientific, medical and technical research. It has thousands of articles on a
vast variety of different life sciences. I used this source in order to find out additional information about the properties of sodium alginate
beads and include it into my work. I consider this source to be a trustworthy source as it includes a date of publication, author name and
some references. However, it did not include any citations.
7 Sodium Alginate Gel Beads (omsi.edu)
8 Sodium Alginate Gel Beads (omsi.edu)
9 Claus, H and Mojsov, K (2018) Enzymes for Wine Fermentation: Current and Perspective Applications [online] mdpi.com, unknown

Available from: Fermentation | Free Full-Text | Enzymes for Wine Fermentation: Current and Perspective Applications | HTML (mdpi.com)
(29.03.22)
Mdpi is a global scientific information site which aims to foster open science exchanges in all forms, across different platforms. I used this
website to find out how immobilised enzymes work in terms of catalytic activity. I consider this source to be a very trustworthy source
because it has an author, date of publication and 117 references. However, it has no citations.

4

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