Iago and Othello
Introduction
- Draper “unholy alliance” – captures nature of relationship to both defy Christian doctrines upholding
Elizabethan society, and also shows 8how Othello has given in to evil omnipresent within him evil in the
play
- Many argue for Iago’s “motiveless malignity” (Coleridge) due to devilish nature, Greer points out,
“Shakespeare never tells us exactly why Iago hates Othello” but could be due to race
Iago’s racist discourse towards Othello
- “Black ram” – Shakespeare constructs Iago to present Othello as an animal, reduced to a sub-human level,
reflecting contemporary racist discourse at time (hierarchical chain of being: God, King, civilians, animals
– black people stripped of rights and pushed to level of animals. Shakespeare uses Iago as a tool to do so) –
Iago’s views are shared by Leo Africanus: “savage and beastly”, hence he’s a “ram”
- Since there are many indicators from Shakespeare that Iago is devil, him saying these comments could be
Shakespeare hinting at their abhorrence and them being the epitome of evil
- “an old black ram is tupping your white ewe” – implies he is corrupting the innocence of a lamb, calling
him a “ram” is zoomorphic imagery. “Tupping” is most commonly associated with copulation of sheep –
presents him as a sexually animalistic being (appeals to stereotype)
Homosexual relationship with Othello
- Draper – “unholy alliance” – alliance made apparent through quasi-marriage in Act 3 Scene 3 – “I am
bound to thee forever” and imperatives “look”,. “trust”, “you shall” – contemporary audience may associate
this to slavery, but can also interpret as a wedding due to stage directions as O “kneels” and very
meaningful statements
- Emilia requested “lay me by my mistress’s side”. Burial next to someone else is traditionally reserved for
husband and wife. Therefore, by having Emilia and Desdemona buried together, it allows the possibility
that Iago and Othello, whether it be homosexual or Othello being bound to Iago, are in some way united
- Constant and incessant mention of Othello and Desdemona’s sex life (“tupping your white ewe”) Dollimore
says it is “intensely voyeuristic”
- Interestingly, Roderigo is first to make racist remarks about Othello, and Iago joins after (opportunist who
has underlying motive for racism – sexual jealousy stemmed from homoerotic, homosexual desires)
- Iago’s monologue fails to outline specific reasons for malignity towards Othello and instead, use figurative
and ambiguous language suggesting there’s a greater factor contributing to malignity – homoerotic desires
leading to sexual jealousy
- In Elizabethan era, although was frowned upon, many suspected Shakespeare to be homosexual. Subtle
suggestion of both a quasi-marriage or even potential homosexual attraction between them could be his way
of channelling his views on homosexuality into his plays. However, he could not make this obvious as the
contemporary audience would be disapproving.
The Devil
1) Values and the Bible
- “I am not what I am” and lying, manipulation, sexual love for a man – devil (Coleridge “motiveless
malignity”)
- Relationship with Othello like devil and mankind – Iago temps Othello to sin
- Black values typically were “egotism, pride, arrogance” (Holderness), “proud”, “covetous”, “angry”
(Africanus) and “hot” (Burton) – while at start, O is “far more fair than black” due to his positive values
e.g. wrongly apologises for being “rude […] in [his] speech” and remains humble, despite being articulate
and having sophisticated I.P. phrasing, Iago is arguably far more black than fair as he adheres to typical
black values shown through malicious monologue
2) Hellish imagery
- Othello calls himself a “cursed slave”, “whip me ye devils” – vowed that he was “bound to thee forever” –
made a deal with the devil and is now destined to go to hell
- Iago compares himself to devil in A2 S3: “divinity of hell! When devils will the blackest sins put on, they
do suggest at first with heavenly shows, as I do now” – simile directly compares himself to devil plus
hellish imagery in semantic field “hell”, “devils”, “sins” shows devilish nature
Reduced to an animal by the end
