Summary
Summary AQA ALEVEL BIOLOGY NOTES ON WATER AS LEVEL
- Institution
- AQA
ALEVEL NOTES ON THE BIOLOGICAL TOPIC- WATER ADJUSTED TO THE AQA SPECIFICATION AND MADE FROM MARKSCHEMES
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Water-
= -
iat .
Water is major component of all cells and has roles within in both animal
a
important organisms such
cytoplasm
•
many ,
as
and plant cells .
down
Has role in
synthesising and
breaking biological molecules in condensation and
hydrolysis reactions In other
.
a .
words , water is a metabolite in
many important metabolic reactions .
( such as
photosynthesis)
It is
important solvent ( substances dissolve it in which metabolic reactions ( such in the
an in occur as
cytoplasm)
•
.
of
.
Provides a
cooling effect with little loss water through evaporation
latent heat of
It has
high and high specific heat
- .
.
a
vaporisation ,
a
capacity .
•
It has
strong cohesion ( stick we 'D between water molecules which helps water transport in plants as well as transport
in other
organisms .
WATER
What is the chemical structure of water ?
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8-1
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" 't
Formula
lol
The
hydrogen atoms bonded to
through covalent bonds ( electrons shared)
•
are atoms
oxygen .
are
- meaning it is
charged
Thepolarnatureofwater-d.ve to unequal sharing of lone pairs
f
-
-
electrons
-
c- )
•
The electrons in the covalent bonds of not shared lie closer
water are
equally they to
-
the
oxygen nucleus than the
hydrogen nuclei .
+ hence
The unshared electrons
negative negative charge If ) therefore
the it the other
slight and
•
on atom
oxygen give a -
,
side of each
hydrogen atom is left with a
slight positive charge ( St ) .
.
This makes water a
polar molecule .
ft whyaretherehydrogenbonds-withinwat.es?-
bonds
what is
hydrogen bond
Hydrogen are weak bonds between
:
•
a a
&
+ slightly positively charged hydrogen atom and a
slightly negatively charged atom in
another molecule .
✓ Why they formed The
slightly negatively charged oxygen
atoms of water
✓
•
are :
slightly positively of
attract the
slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms other water molecules
slightly negatively
side
charged
.
charged side ft
¥:S
:-.
Pitwa%
-
-
- 0
I St
0
ft
•
It is an important metabolite ca substance involved in metabolic reactions in
④I 0
many
a
-
-
-
\
,
8 '
leg hydrolysis [
metabolic reactions .
condensation and reactions)
•
It is an important solvent in which metabolic reactions occur .
hydrogen
bond
-
-
-
Why is water such a
good solvent ?
i. Water is polar ( has a
slight negative charge on one side and positive on the other)
+ hence
The end of
•
positive water is attracted to the
negative ion .
The end of water attracted to the positive ion
negative is
•
.
• Hence the ions get totally surrounded by water molecules →
they dissolve .
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