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Summary AQA ALEVEL BIOLOGY NOTES ON DEFENSE MECHANISMS £7.49   Add to cart

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Summary AQA ALEVEL BIOLOGY NOTES ON DEFENSE MECHANISMS

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ALEVEL NOTES ON THE IMMUNITY TOPIC- DEFENSE MECHANISMS ADJUSTED TO THE AQA SPECIFICATION AND MADE FROM MARKSCHEMES

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  • July 2, 2023
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Defence Mechanisms
=



Any infection is an interaction between the
pathogen and the body 's various defence mechanisms .




,%
Definitions
¥
§
foreign
immune
Action stimulates response
lpolysacchari.de
an
protein that

-




cells I secreted plasma cells
B by
Antibody antigen produced by
.




protein specific to an
.
-




Non specific response that for all
antigens
-



response is same
- -




-



Specific immune response -
specific response to antigen .
Involves stimulation of B cells (
by T cells )

of
Primary response pathway from
antigen presentation
to secretion antibodies
'
-
-




of
Secondary response stimulation B to secretion of
'


cells antibodies
memory cause
quickly
-

more

-

Cell-mediated response -


by T cells .

They OILY bind to
antigens on a HOST cell .




Humoral by B antibody secretion
'



cells +
response - .




→ A disorder of structure function in human animal
or a , ,
or
plant ,
especially one


that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not


simply a direct result of
physical injury . of
disjunction
pairs go won

chromosomes
two XX



¥
-




Environmental
Pathogenic I
communicable
wiki
see
XX
XX

Xy
f)Trisomy 21
Xx No
• Toxins
X chromosomes
X
to other
Pollutions of Genetic going
disease





Radiation
Types XX sex cell
• -
Heritable

Cancer

Chromosome disorders





lifestyle Social Ageing Mental Illness

Depression
-



Parkinson's
'




disease
Anxiety





,"
Defence mechanisms
§
General and immediate defences defence mechanisms


~ ✓

• The skin
forming a barrier to the
entry of
pathogens .
non specific specific
( response is
lresponse is
'

The skin cells produce keratin which reduces
gaps between the
,
immediate and slower and
the same for all
epithelial cells to make skin
long .
pathogens) specific to each
Thy robin
The of
enzyme
Fibrin pathogen)
blood clotting Fibrinogen →
-

:
process
'
The production of mucus ( polypeptide with muerin v I t f
protects stomach from HC1 and
glycoproteins )o
physical phagocytosis cell-mediated humoral
response
barrier response
Muco escalator the and skin ) IT LB
ciliary moves mucus
leg
-


up

out of the
lungs where it can be
expelled by lymphocytes) lymphocytes)
coughing swallowing or (
coughs out pathogens and dust trapped by mucus )

Phagocytosis
.

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