Hand-made digital notes and diagrams on the entirety of Immunity
Topic written spec-by-spec point to ensure all content is covered
Compatible with all exam boards but predominantly CIE
" ° " §
÷ ÷ É ÷? ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ : ÷ ÷ ¥ ÷ ÷ f j É ÷ ÷ ÷⇐
LUN b
INTERCOSTAL
MURLE
BRONCHIOLE
0
THAPARAbou ✓
:* .
ALVEOLI
Trachea is the
airway
that leads
from the mouth and nose to the bronchi .
hired with & cilia
secreting goblet
mucus ,
cells
↳ sweep dust and
nuuooiganisms away
ton
of c-
shaped cartilage from the
lungs
lungs are the location
of gas exchange pair of central respiratory
,
system
Bronchi are located at the bottom
of the trachea ,
less
cartilage ,
branch
off the trachea
Bronchioles are narrow tubes which air to alveoli No
cartilage collapse
carry can
.
,
Alveoli is the main site
of gas exchange tiny ,
sacs with
↳t
large sin
thin walls
: v
,
enable
efficient gas exchange
capillary Network is an extensive network
of capillaries surrounding the alveoli and are an
exchange supine
between
blood
and the
Oz diffuses from alveoli → capitanes
hugs ] gas exchange
.
co, diffuses from capillaries → alveoli
, 8.
Haemoglobin & Oxygen
1 6 Red
.
Blood Cells ,
Transport of oxygen
→ Bends to
haemoglobin in red blood cells
Each 4 harem bond with
→
haemoglobin molecule has groups ,
each able to
one molecule
of oxygen
↳
eijwv atoms per haemoglobin
molecule
binding of the first oxygen
the in
402 t Itb →
Hbog molecule remiss
a
confirmation change the shape of the haemoglobin
as to
Oxygen 1- Haemoglobin →
Oxyhaemoglobin
molecule it easier
,
making
the other
for
molecules to
oxygen
bind
↳ the law mobile is the harder to dissociate
oxygen
carbon Dioxide
transport
→ waste CO
, diffuses from tissues into the brood
following aerobic respiration
↳ ↳ H no, 1- 6oz → 6coat 61+20
3 CO2 is
→
ways transported
:
red Matt
[ to % with
haemoglobin in
haemoglobin reaching
cells as cansamino red blood cells
( 102)
5% dissolved coz
plasma as
in
plasma
" "
°
[ 85% in
carried as
hydrogen carbonate Heoj plasma
Red the reunion between
blood cells contain the
anhydrase
carbonic which
carbon dioxide and water to
enzymecarbonic acid canapes
produce
↳ without the this reaction would occur
enzyme
coz t
of
+
H2O I Hz Cos I
Hug 1- It much slower in
Manna than cytoplasm
red
-
in
[ blood uns
overrun
equations
combined
→ mineuse in Ht ions leads to increase in
pH of blood altering
,
structure
of haemoglobin and
forcing the release
of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin Cenwmyes the dissociation)
↳ this is
beneficial ,
T levels
of coz =
T levels
of
aerobic
respiration .
: need
for oxygen higheris
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