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International Business and Management Key Theories and Notes
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Exam Preparation for Comparative and International Management. A collection of revision notes on key subjects such as Institutional Theory, Expatriate management, International reward and compensation, Comparison of cultural perspectives. Perfect for students studying international business or inte...

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  • July 17, 2023
  • 4
  • 2022/2023
  • Lecture notes
  • Karoliina pitt
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cEtic (culture-common aspects Dowling et al 2017) (broad on a culture perspective) vs Emic
perspective (Culture-specific aspects Dowling et al 2017) (based on the individual)

“Both universal and indigenous points of views are very important in understanding specific
culture and its comparison with other cultures” (Bala et al 2012)

“Cross cultural studies are generally subject to the problem of not doing justice to a
dynamic, context -sensitive concept of culture” (Dowling et al 2017) Page 37 - useful

Key theories
Hofstede dimensions of cuture:
 Power distance
 Uncertainty avoidance
 Individualism
 Masculinity
 Short/long term orientation
 Indulgence

Shwartz 7 cultural orientations (1992)




Define culture and characteristics
“The collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or
category of people from another” (Hofstede 2001) (etic perspective)

“Shared meaning, shared understandings, and shared sense making are all different ways of
describing culture. In talking about culture, we are really talking about a process of reality
construction that allows people to see and understand particular events, actions, objects,
utterances, or situations in distinctive ways.” Morgan (1997: 138) (emic perspective)

The aim of cross-cultural management is to “describe organizational behaviour within
countries and cultures, compare organizational behaviour across cultures and countries and

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