Full typed notes for year one psychology's entire Debates in Psychological and Critical Thinking module. Keywords and titles are highlighted in one colour throughout to make skim reading and finding information easy and quick. These notes contain some essay planning and extensive, easy-to-read bull...
Debates in Psychological and Critical
Thinking
The Ethics of Participant's Rights - Lecture 2
Why do ethical issues arise for psychologists?
- humans and animals are sentient beings that feel emotions as reactions to situations
What do psychologists study?
- the scientific study of the mind and how this influences our behaviour
- sometimes emotions experienced by participant are not deliberately induced by the
researcher
- Electric shock experiment included deception
Ethical considerations for all psychological research
- privacy and confidentiality
- respect
- communities and shared values within them
- impacts on the broader environment, living and otherwise
- issues of power
- consent
- self determination
- importance of compassion
Why do we need ethics codes?
- respect, competence, responsibility, integrity, max benefit and min harm =
overarching code
- shared collective duty of care for all living creatures
- the changing world creates new ethical challenges
Ethical awareness, reasoning and action
- ethical awareness = what issues may arise from a course of action
- ethical reasoning = being aware of competing biases when completing ethical
challenges
- ethical action = consider motivations and ability to act ethically
Issues of consent
- sufficient info given
- freely and voluntarily given permission
- withdrawing or modifying consent
- can ask for your data to be withdrawn within agreed and consented limits
- consider participant age, vulnerabilities and safeguarding
Deception
- false informing and withholding some info are very different
- debate of whether deception is unethical
- observational research only okay in situations where people would expect to be
observed by strangers
Protecting the individual vs benefitting the society
- Ethical debates focus on protecting the individual
- We need to consider ethics in the broader sense
, - Improving quality of people's lives and society as a whole
Ethics of researching with non-human animals
- evolutionary continuity between humans and other species
- therapy animals
- understanding animal behaviour
- consideration of the BPS guidelines for psychologists working with animals
- active promotion of animal welfare is encouraged
Psychologists as agents of change
- Some ethical issues for psychologists as practitioners eg. counsellors:
- informed consent
- influence of therapist
- behavioural control
What and who is psychology for?
- Most psychs are motivated by positive values
- learning to be ethical also involves:
- being concerned with our responsibilities to each other
- recognising and tackling ethical conflicts
- understanding power differences
- consulting committees of practice
February 27th 2023
Free Will and Determinism
- 5, 5, 4, 3, 4 Score = 21
What is free will?
- we can decide what we do/think/feel
- we are capable and able to choose our path, autonomous
- we are not forced, coerced or constrained
- we can change our plans/goals/paths as desired
- implications of moral responsibility/accountability
- requires the mind to interact with our body (dualism) - Descartes 1664
Determinism
- you do not decide what you think/do/feel
- all thoughts, actions etc caused by antecedent conditions
- no other outcomes possible
- played out from the beginning of time
- does not require mind to interact with body (materialism)
Philosopher's views
Determinism
- everything we do is caused by forces over which we have no control
- if our actions are caused by forces over which we have no control, we do not act
freely
- therefore we never act freely
- cause and effect eg. physics, chemistry
- materialism: your brain is your mind - no outside decision making processes
Problems with it
- our understanding of physics has progressed from newton causal laws
- quantum mechanics: probabilistic, not casual
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