Summary
Summary Unit 2
- Module
- Unit 2 - Cells (UNIT2)
- Institution
- AQA
Clear and condensed notes with basic diagrams, methods, wider reading and extra summaries to expand knowledge.
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Biology contentBiological molecules
Cell structure and division
,Biological molecules
Organic molecules
• Organic molecules= carbon-based molecules.
• Biological molecules are carbon based because carbon has 4
bonds. This means they can form long chains with side
branches.
,Biological molecules
Carbohydrates, monomers and
polymers
• Monomers= Small units from which larger molecules are
made.
• Polymers= Made up of long chains of monomers together.
• Examples of monomers= Amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids,
glucose, nucleotides.
• General formula of monosaccharides= CnH2nOn
• Carbohydrates= Made up from monosaccharides.
• Alpha and beta glucose= isomers -> same formula, different
structure.
• Condensation reactions= molecules join together- release of
water molecule- glycosidic bond formed.
• Disaccharide= 2 monosaccharides joined together.
• Sucrose= glucose + fructose.
• Lactose= glucose + galactose.
, Biological molecules
Carbohydrates
• Hydrolysis= polymers break down into monomers- using water
molecule- glycosidic bond broken.
• Benedict’s test- reducing sugars.
1. Add 2cm3 of sample to test tube.
2. Add 2cm3 excess benedict’s reagent.
3. BOIL/ heat in water bath for 5-10 mins.
:)- coloured precipitate
:(- blue
• Break down into monosaccharides- non-reducing sugars.
1. Add dilute HCl- hydrolyze sugars (BOIL IT).
2. Neutralize it with sodium hydrogen carbonate (so acid is removed).
3. Carry test as normal.
:)- precipitate
:(- blue
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