Monday 13 June 2022 – Afternoon
GCSE (9–1) Ancient History
J198/21 The foundations of Rome
Time allowed: 1 hour
* 9 4 7 7 6 8 7 4 5 4 *
You must have:
• the OCR 12-page Answer Booklet
INSTRUCTIONS
• Use black ink.
• Write your answer to each question in the Answer Booklet. The question numbers must
be clearly shown.
• Fill in the boxes on the front of the Answer Booklet.
• Answer all the questions.
INFORMATION
• The total mark for this paper is 60.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets [ ].
• Quality of extended response will be assessed in questions marked with an asterisk (*).
• Spelling, punctuation and grammar (SPaG) and the use of specialist terminology will be
assessed in questions marked with a pencil ().
• This document has 4 pages.
ADVICE
• Read each question carefully before you start your answer.
The foundations of Rome: From kingship to republic, 753–440 BC
Answer all the questions.
1 (a) Name two of Rome’s kings mentioned by Livy. [2]
(b) State one of the powers held by a consul in the Roman Republic. [1]
(c) Identify one of the crimes said to have been committed by Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. [1]
2 Outline the events which are said to have led to the Second Secession. [6]
Passage A
Ancus was well aware that the splendid achievements of Tullus had fallen seriously short in
one respect: the neglect or misconduct of religious ceremonies… Ancus therefore instructed
the pontifex to copy out, using Numa’s records, the details of all the various ceremonies and to
display the document to the public. To the war-weary Romans the prospect of peace seemed
certain, and they… began to hope that the new king was to prove a second Numa… This was the
Latins’ opportunity… and so they raided Roman territory… convinced that Ancus was no soldier…
However, there was more than one side to Ancus’ character; he had in him something of Numa
and something of Romulus too… Hostile peoples were already beginning to test him to see how
much he would stand… Times were difficult, and called for a Tullus rather than a Numa. In one
respect, however, Ancus did follow Numa’s lead, though with a difference. Numa had established
religious observances in time of peace; Ancus provided war with an equivalent serious ceremonial
of its own. It was not enough, he thought, that wars should be fought; he believed that they
should also be formally declared, and for this purpose he adopted the practice… by which a state
demands redress for a hostile act.
Livy, The History of Rome Book 1.32
3 Using details from Passage A and your own knowledge, what can we learn about Numa and
Ancus? [10]
4 Using details from Passage A and your own knowledge, how different were the policies of
Rome’s first four kings? [15]
5* ‘The Republic only served the powerful.’ To what extent do you agree with this view? [20]
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