Summary
Summary AQA history medieval medicine
All the knowledge you need for the exam and is summarised on an easy to learn sheet.
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Feminist MovementRoe v Wade
Women’s right to reproduction (abortion was illegal
at the time in US)
Campaign to legalise abortion
NOW wrote to politicians, organised
Feminists argued they should be free to decide what
demonstrations and took companies to court
happens to their own body
Women’s Lib – more extreme younger group of
Lawyers argued that 21 yr old Jane Roe had the right to
women
an abortion, she already had 2 children up for adoption
1972 – Equal Rights Amendment was passed, there
1973, Supreme Court ruled that women had the right to
was a stop ERA campaign by Phyllis Schlafly and
safe and legal abortion
ERA didn’t become part of the Constitution
How to Answer the Questions
1. Interpretation differences – what are the differences between
the two interpretations, look at content
2. Interpretation authors – why do the authors say different
3.
things, look at provenance
Which is more convincing – analyse the 2 interpretations,
Health and The People
which one is more accurate based on your knowledge
4. Describe – always asks for 2 things so make sure you describe
2! Paper 2
5. In what way – you need two detailed points, think about
consequences
6. Bullet point Qu – detail both bullet points then conclude
Medieval Doctors Christianity
Followed the ancient Greek method of ‘clinical observation’ Christianity was the main religion of Western Europe and
Concentrated on two observations – the pulse and smell, taste influential in people’s lives
and look of urine Believed in ‘care not cure’ as illness was a punishment
Common treatment was bloodletting, using leeches, praying or
from God
astrology
Based treatments on the Four Humours Believed in miraculous healing, praying and pilgrimage
To qualify as a doctor in the Middle Ages you had to go to Set up hospitals which were centres of rest, normally
university for 7 years, you would read, listen to lectures and small (12 patients like Jesus’ disciples)
not actually see a patient! Christian church controlled the universities, approved of
Ordinary people turned to barber surgeons, wise women or Galen’s books because he believed in God
monks Role of doctor was to diagnose and comfort
Islamic Medicine Medieval Surgery
Islamic empire ruled by Caliphs who were interested in Most surgery took place on the battlefield
science In everyday life surgery was performed as a last resort
They had libraries that preserved medical books Patients faced problems with pain and shock in operations
Qur’an says ‘for every disease, Allah has given a cure’ Some attempts at pain relief were opium, mandrake and
Set up the first hospitals for mental illness alcohol but often didn’t work
Rhazes and Avicenna had great influence on medicine Cauterisation was common – burning the wound to stop the
Rhazes distinguished measles from smallpox flow of blood
Avicenna wrote the cannon of medicine which was used John of Arderne – famous surgeon in Medieval England, had a
as a standard European medicine textbook until the 17 th manual with operations and instruments, based on Greek
Century knowledge and his experience in the 100 yrs war
Public Health
Public Health in Monasteries
Medieval towns built near rivers
Rivers were used to dispose of sewage and other waste Christian monasteries were isolated but still near rivers
Cesspits where sewage was collected annually by gong They had elaborate systems of pipes to deliver water
farmers with filtering systems which removed impurities
Towns generally dirty places Monasteries had excellent facilities for washing
Towns grew in population which put pressure on public (cleanliness close to Godliness)
health facilities Monasteries wealthy which meant they could build
People had no knowledge of germs – they thought disease good facilities
was spread by ‘bad air’ Monks educated and disciplined – had access to
Some local councils tried to keep towns clean but it was not
medical books
easy to maintain
Black Death 1348 Renaissance
Causes – people believed it was caused by bad air, Rebirth
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