This presentation provides content, research, and evaluation for Psychology's Memory topic according to the specification. It uses diagrams and tables to help easier remember information, along with colour coding to better link key things to remember - with researchers in purple and evaluation colo...
A permanent memory store.
Long Term Memory (LTM)
A limited duration memory store.
Overestimation – May have He made observations that many everyday He studied 392 participants from Ohio, USA
overestimated the capacity. things come in sevens (eg. notes on a aged 17-74. They were tested on how well High exte
musical scale, days in a week), suggesting they could 1) Recognise photos out of 50 life, me
Cowan (2001) reviewed capacity is about 7 items.
other research and from their yearbook and 2) Free recall w
names in their graduating class.
concluded STM capacity is Miller (1956) found the
only about 4 chunks. people can recall 7 2 items,
Bahrick et al (1975) found
but that this can increase
The LTM store is thought to remain for up to a lifetime, a
with chunking.
have an unlimited capacity. recognition than free reca
Research support – Other tested within 15 years of g
research has confirmed this The amount of info that can
be held in a memory store. 90% accurate in recogni
study’s validity. accurate in free recall. Af
Capacity graduation they were 70%
Jacobs (1887) found the Capacity recognition and 30% on
average for digit span was
9.3 items and letter span Lacks historical and internal
was 7.3 items. validity – There may have Possibility of confou
Duration
been confounding variables
His study measured digit and letter MEMORY Participants may ha
due to little control of yearbook since gr
span. He gave a set of digits/letters
experiments in those times. STORES
to participants which increased Baddeley (1966) found encoding could’ve cause
until they got the recall wrong. to be mainly semantic in LTM.
Recalled from
Peterson and Peterson Duration prefrontal cortex
(1959) found duration of Semantic memo
Encoding for our knowledge
STM is 18-30 seconds. The length of time info can concepts mean.
be held in a memory store. have to be retriev
They tested 24 undergraduate Tulving (1985) realised the MSM of Memory
students in 8 tests. They were given a for LTM was too simplistic. He did brain scans are not tim
Artificial stimuli – Trying to
trigram (eg. BHT) to remember and a remember trigrams doesn’t on participants doing various memory tasks
3 digit number to count back from to reflect real life so it has low and found they were recalled from differing Procedural memor
prevent mental rehearsal. Each time, places (1984) . how to do actio
mundane realism.
they were told to stop after a certain
memories are
increasing time. The way info is formatted conscious effor
in memory stores. Real-life applications – Belleville
Controlledstam
by
(2006) showed episodic memory
Artificial stimuli – The Baddeley (1966) found could be improved in elderly with
Encoding Episodic mem
word lists had no meaning encoding to be mainly cognitive impairment. The trained
to participants so we acoustic in STM. elderly participants performed Case study of HM – He had for details abo
should be cautious about He tested what words participants recalled severely poor episodic memory These memorie
best out of 4 lists: acoustically similar,
better than those untrained.
generalising the results. due to amnesia but had consciously an
acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar,
relatively good semantic and Recalled from
semantically dissimilar. They did worst with prefrontal corte
acoustically similar words. procedural memory.
, info conflict with each other.
Occurs when 2 pieces of
necessary cues to access memory.
Occurs when we don’t have the
Interference theory
Retrieval failure theory
Proactive interference: Occurs
when older memories disrupt Cue: A trigger of info that allows
Occurs when 2 pieces of info us to access a memory. Encoding Specifity
the recall of newer memories.
conflict with each other, affecting Tulving (1975) review
recall ability. this theory and discov
Occurs when we don’t have pattern. The principl
the necessary cues to cue is to help in rec
access memory. present at encoding
Retroactive interference: Occurs
when newer memories disrupt the
recall of older memories. Interference
Retrieval failure
Godden and Ba
McGeoch and McDonald (1931) found Supporting evidence – Eysenck found accurate r
interference to be worse when the (2010) even argued retrieval lower in conditions
memories are similar (synonyms list). failure could be the main reason as the external c
Performance on the first list recall EXPLANATIONS for forgetting LTM info. didn’t match th
depended greatly on their second list. FOR
Effects of
FORGETTING Context-dependent
similarity They created 4 con
forgetting had to learn a list of
They studied retroactive interference by making 6 1 of 2 environments.
groups of participants learn 2 sets of materials. First, Recall vs recognition – Godden land – Recall on land
they had to learn a list of 10 words to 100% accuracy. underwater, Learn
and Baddeley (1980) replicated
land, Learn underwa
Then they learned a new list: Synonyms (to original list
the study but used recognition
words), Antonyms, Words unrelated to original, instead. Performance was then
Consonant syllables, Three digit numbers, No new list. Artificial materials – Greater chance the same in all conditions. This Questioning context
of interference will be demonstrated shows a lack of internal validity Baddeley (1997) argu
in the lab than real life because the for the original study. effects are not usu
stimuli is just a list of words rather extremely different in
than everyday things (like birthdays, they were in the
recipe ingredients). State-dependent
forgetting
Real life studies – Baddeley and Hitch (1977)
asked rugby players to recall names of teams
they’d previously played, week by week. Most Evaluation Carter and Cassaday (1998) found
They created 4 conditions by
had missed games; the results showed recall conditions where there was a participants anti-histamine dr
didn’t depend on how long ago the matches took mismatch between internal cues at them drowsy. They had to lea
place. They found it was more important the Evidence from lab studies – Thousands learning and recall performed and recall it. The conditions: Le
number of games they’d played in the meantime. have been carried out and show both significantly worse on the memory test. Recall on drug, Learn on drug
types of interference are commons ways on drug, Learn not on drug – R
of forgetting LTM information. Learn not on drug – Recall n
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