This document contains a 31-page PDF file of notes from the module titled "Introduction to Microbiology" from Nottingham Trent University. The module includes such topics as: History of Microbiology, Bacteria Structure and Function, Virus Structure and Function, Clinical Microbiology and much more....
, History of
Microbiology
of
our
understanding microbiology has evolved over the years .
•
1620 : the hist microscope provided by Galkileo used ,
by Slelluti , who looked a
insects the Pope was the patron for the microscope
_
1660 Robert Hooke looked at fungi / mould
•
:
•
1684: Van Leeuwenhoek: made a simple microscope to see bacteria -
he called
"
them wee animalcules "
spoiled food that
food: cannot be sold
generally due to the presence of organism
-
↳
spontaneous generation : spoiled food had the ingredients of life and life
would just begin meat would just spawn maggots
-
1860s Pasteur 's flask disproved spontaneous generation by force
•
: Swan an
interaction with bacteria ng
↳ This led to Pasleuvisation and saved the wine industry
→
1876 :
Tyndall confirmed Pasteur 's work and showed that dust carried bacterial
endospores
Miasma and foul smells were also believed to have caused diseases .
↳ places full of disease also had " bad smelling air "
→ Places free from disease had cleaner air
→
clean air → miasmic air =
getting ill
Anti
contagionism:
Florence Max von DeHenkoffer
Nightingale
•
,
↳
agent leg bacteria ) . 1- Soil =
gases
Location / quarantine is not important because people did not get sick genetic
•
some C
↳
hygiene very important ,
however
in an
essay
↳ went to miasmic locations , breathed the air but avoided the drinking water
→
realised it was a bacteria in the stomach that got released into water by
faeces and got into a water pump -
Removed the handle and deaths decreased
Max von DeHenkoffer : found that those near low
lying marshes and polluted streams we
-
at risk
Robert Koch : thought that bacteria caused disease
-
↳
Investigated TB Lbad idea it grows slowly ) and ,
came up with 4
postulates as a conclusion
→
Germ theory of disease
, Germ theory :
•
realised that disease is spread by diseased individuals
Hamburg proved Pelton hoffer wrong because
•
+ Altona he believed in miasma
↳ he
challenged people asking , W drink cholera and prove he didn't get ill
→
he got slightly ill but he didn't die .
Several reasons could be for this .
theory as to why he did not die :
-
Vibrio cholerae can alter
gene expression due to population numbers Cquerum sensing]
largepopulations of bacterium means the disease causing genes were switched off
-
-
↳ the cholerae was dormant and non
aggressive
cholera tends to release toxins that cause illness / disease when the are
genes
-
switched on
•
Fleming had been searching for antiseptics during war
discovered lysozyme present in tears and nasal secretion
• -
•
P notahem produce
.
a substance that inhibited bacterial growth and called it
penicillin -
it got ignored because it couldn't be produced in high amounts
The black Plague : 60-1 . of the population died in 1400s
3 pandemics of the plague
↳
virology
•
when you can see the disease but cannot find a cause
↳ viruses are much smaller than bacteria
•
viral diseases (rabies , smallpox) have been known for but with agent
years no
↳ over 43 of the Aztecs were wiped out by smallpox brought by Spanish invade
→
Spanish did not get infected , they had immunity due to exposure
Edward Jenner
Milk maids mild form of smallpox called cowpox and got immunity from
•
got a
smallpox
•
He injected 8 year old with pus from a milkmaid 's
an wounds
↳ he then injected the child with smallpox
→
the child survived
•
He was only a country doctor and took ages to get recognised
'
vaccine (from Vacca
'
Developed the
•
cow in latin) =
powder and inhaling
•
variola tien : turning smallpox into or consuming it
•
Pasteur : anthrax vaccine
↳ Rabies :
injecting Saliva could Spread the disease
fluid from
→
infecting the CNS can grant immunity
, Microbes in our world
Microbes in food :
fun facts :
•
food spoilage
-
6×109 humans on Earth •
mucor mould on bread
7×107
'
stars in the universe meat
green slime
-
•
on
-
fermenting cheese
↳ mammals
chyMosin enzymes to make milk curdle
use , we now use
microbes that use these enzymes to make cheese
microbes and agriculture
•
Nitrogen cycle : microbes converts ammonium into nitrates for plants to
utilise .
•
Some bacteria in the roots of peas 1- beans can fix Nitrogen into nitrates
•
Ruminants : Microbes in the rumen breaks down cellulose →
glucose
↳ this produces coz + methane as waste products
→ 30 ,
ooo , ooo
,
ooo cells / ml a lot of methane is
-
HIV , TB, respiratory infections neglected tropical diseases
•
,
↳ less deaths happen in recent years but still bad
Antibiotic resistant bacteria: microbes evolve and new strains come about
•
↳ Covid , Zika, ebola , new influenza strains
•
Vaccines are developed using microbes
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