Lecture notes
human body lec 1 and 2
- Module
- Human body
- Institution
- Kingston University
amino acids, proteins, cholesterol, Dan
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Amino Acids:- Amino acids are made up of an amine group, a carboxyl group and an R group
- An essential amino acid are amino acids that can’t be created in the body and are
essential to the diet. Not having all the essential amino acids in your diet can lead to
disease.
- Non- essential amino acid: amino acids synthesised by the body.
- As amino acids come together, there are differences in chemical interactions between
the R side chain and this could lead to the formation of certain things in proteins
Structure of proteins
- Primary structure: covalent bond forming polymer – e.g. order of amino acid residues
joined by peptide bonds. This is the linear form
- Secondary structure: folding as a result of the R groups of each of the amino acid chains
(regular folded form), often stabilised by hydrogen bonds – e.g. helices and sheets
- Tertiary structure: Overall 3D structure, stabilised by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic,
hydrophilic and Van der Waal’s forces.
- Quaternary structure: organisation of macromolecules into assemblies, often stabilised
by ionic bonds e.g. several polypeptide chains can make up a protein. – e.g. haemoglobin,
this is made up of 4 tertiary structures. A mutation in this can lead to an insufficient formation
of haemoglobin interactions.
, Nucleotides:
- Nucleotides are made up of a sugar, a base and a phosphate group
- They are important for forming DNA and RNA.
- They have sugar-phosphate bonding
- DNA structure was discovered and worked out by Watson and crick in 1953
- they identified its helical structure, which is made up of the backbones. It’s the bases
which are interacting to form this helical structure.
- These bases are made up of guanine, cytosine, thymine and adenine.
- Cytosine reacts with guanine ( 3 hydrogen bonds)
- Adenine reacts with thymine. ( 2 hydrogen bonds) (when looking at RNA you have a
substitution of uracil for thymine)
- Nucleotides aren’t just building blocks. They also have their own functions like the 3
above.
Lipids/Fats: Body fats:
- Act predominantly as food reserves (i.e. for energy) (body fats are more capable of
releasing ATP than sugars)
- Are glycerol esters of fatty acids
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