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, Carbonyls
Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl functional group C=O
Aldehyde
Aldehyde functional group is found at the end of
the chain –CHO, attached to 1 carbon atom.
The suffix for an aldehyde is –al
e.g. benzaldehyde
Ketone
The ketone functional group is joined to 2 carbon
atoms in the carbon chain
The suffix for a ketone is -one
e.g. pentan-2-one
Cannot exist as it would break the delocalisation due
to the bond
, Reactivity of carbonyls
Carbonyls have a higher b.p and m.p than alkanes
as the difference in electronegativity between
the carbon atom and oxygen atom induces a
permanent dipole. Therefore there are
permanent dipole-permanent dipole forces as
well as London forces present in carbonyls.
However alcohols have a higher b.p and m.p than
carbonyls as the hydrogen bonds present take
more energy to overcome. Carbonyls can form
hydrogen bonds with water and are susceptible
to attack by nucleophiles due to the polar nature
of the C=O bond. This is different to the non
polar C=C bonds in alkenes which reacts with
electrophiles in an electrophilic addition reaction.
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