Summary
Civil rights and race relations in the USA, units 1-3 summary
- Institution
- PEARSON (PEARSON)
Condensed revision notes with the essential facts to include in your a-level history essays.
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Presidential Reconstruction Radical Reconstruction White Backlash‘Free at last’, 1865-1877 - April 1865 = Lincoln assassinated - 1854 = Republicans founded on the issue on preventing the - Why?: White southerners pe
- Lincoln was succeeded by Andrew Johnson extension of slavery dangerous, continued to believ
The Thirteenth Amendment - Issue: Readmitting the former Confederate states to - 1867 = Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Act, the victimised by radical reconstru
- 1862 = Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation stating the union Command of the Army Act and the Tenure of Office Act - The KKK
that any slave in territory controlled by the Confederacy would be - May 1865 = Johnson issued a general pardon to - The Military Reconstruction Act invalidated the state *1865 = KKK formed in Pulaski
free from 1863 former Confederates who were willing to take the administrations approved by Johnson * Targeted black Americans, Re
- The proclamation made no mention of slaves in areas controlled oath of allegiance to the USA - The MRA divided 10 of the former Confederates states into 5 * 500,000 members by 1871
by the North (1/3 of the Confederacy) - Men who held high office in the Confederacy or military districts each under commanders empowered to employ * During 1868 elections, 1,300
- The freedom of slaves in the Confederacy became a war aim owned property worth $20,000+ had to apply directly the army to protect life and property murdered
from 1863 to Johnson to obtain a pardon - If a former Confederate state wished to be recognised by - Enforcement Acts:
- January 1865 = Thirteenth Amendment - Johnson decided to recognise 4 pro-union state Congress, its written constitution had to provide for the same * 1870-71
- Why?: governments in the former Confederacy, Virginia, right to vote for all adult males * First Enforcement Act 1870 =
* Abolitionists campaigned for a constitutional amendment to end Louisiana, Arkansas and Tennessee as they had - The state legislature also had to support the 14th Amendment anyone who interfered with a
slavery e.g. the Women’s National Loyal League’s petition had accepted Lincoln’s 10% plan which gave all Americans equal protection of the law * KKK Act 1871 = Allowed sout
500,000 signatures - Johnson then requested other former Confederate - The Command of the Army Act required all orders to the army introduce martial law in counti
* Legitimacy (as the Emancipation Proclamation was a war aim, it states to re-establish elected governments and left it from Johnson had to go through the HQ of the army, which was active, outlawed activities asso
may not be considered constitutional during peace) up to these states to decide who should be qualified under the command of Grant, a keen supporter of the Republicans intimidation, wearing disguises
* Many Northerners recognised the freed slaves’ contribution to to vote - The Tenure of Office Act required the consent of the Republican- power to arrest suspected KKK
the war effort (250,000 black Americans served in the Northern - None accepted the idea that black Americans should dominated Senate for the president to remove any office-holder * Majority of Klansmen never
army) and did not want to see them returned to slavery be enfranchised - Military government had the responsibility of protecting ex- system couldn’t cope
* Many felt that conflict would arise again if slavery was not - Several states chose former senior Confederates for slaves, scalawags and carpetbaggers from violence and * Lynching stood at 50-100 peo
abolished high office e.g. Georgia chose the vice president of the intimidation by southern white Americans - The White League:
- Problems: Confederate States as senator - 1868 = Fourteenth Amendment added to constitution: defined * Formed in 1874 in Louisiana
* Newly freed slaves owned no property or land so turned to - Ex-confederate states introduced Black Codes = what constituted a US citizen, established that all US citizens were * Coushatta Massacre = 1874,
sharecropping = landowners divided their plantations into small uproar in the North entitled to equal protection under the law 5 black Americans
farms under a rental agreement, the sharecropper did the work - When Congress reassembled in December 1865, it - 1870 = Fifteenth Amendment ratified: Prohibited any federal or * Battle of Liberty Place = 1874
and the crop was shared between them refused to allow representatives from the former state government from depriving any US citizen of the right to troops, White League ousted R
* Sharecroppers had to borrow money at high interest rates and Confederacy, who were not in state governments, to vote on racial grounds dispatched federal troops to re
were forced to offer part of their crop if they failed to pay these take their seats - 1875 = Civil Rights Act passed: Prevented racial discrimination in against any member of White
loans, forcing them into a cycle of permanent debt - It also set up a Joint Committee on Reconstruction = public spaces e.g. theatres
* 90% of the black population was illiterate decided whether a former Confederate state was fit to - Positive Impacts: The end of Reconstruction
* Southern whites were bitter at the loss of the war and resentful return to the Union * Reconstruction Acts enfranchised 700,000 ex-slaves = black - 1869 = Grant inaugurated
of freed slaves e.g. 1866 Memphis race riot resulted in the deaths - Johnson’s actions increased the influence of Radical voter majorities in SC, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida and Alabama - 1872 = Amnesty Act: Pardone
of 46 black men Republicans such as Sumner and Stevens * 16 black Americans served in Congress e.g. Hiram Revels, officers of the former Confede
* Raised the question of black political rights = southern states - Johnson vetoed 2 congressional proposals which Senator for Mississippi right to vote and hold public o
introduced Black Codes (laws that discriminated against ex-slaves) aimed to help black Americans – Freedmen’s Bureau * Over 700 black men served in state legislatures - 1875 = Only 3 Republican gov
e.g. in Mississippi, black Americans were forbidden from owning bill and civil rights bill * The Union League = first black Radical Republican group, - 1877 = Hayes inaugurated
land and interrelations was banned - 2/3 majority overrode the presidential veto 700,000 members, promoted loyalty to federal government, - Hayes wanted to leave the So
- Joint Committee also proposed a further petitioned, striked, and organised rallies - 1877 = federal troops withdra
Freedmen’s Bureau amendment to the US constitution to provide ex- * Improvement in black education and literacy (70% illiteracy by - April 1877 = Last Republican g
- Established in 1865 slaves with equal protection of the law which was 1880) - Why?:
- Aimed to help freed slaves by providing food, housing, medical passed by Congress - Negative Impacts: * Northerners bored by contin
aid, establish schools and provide legal assistance - Congressional elections 1866 = strong rise in support * 1 of the 2 black senators, Charles Caldwell of Mississippi was * Many northern whites wante
- Successes = established over 1,000 black schools for Radical Republicans (86% of Senate, 77% of HoR assassinated by whites South
- In 1872, Congress, in part under pressure from white were RR) * By 1872, Union League power and membership declined due to * Influence of Radical Republic
southerners who resented its attempt to aid the ex-slaves, shut - 1868 = House of Representatives voted to impeach violence, attacks and white backlash Democrats restored control in
the bureau President Johnson but he survived in office by 1 vote
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