Concise summary on the different classes of antibiotics, the main examples of each, the drug target and mechanism of action.
Also includes contraindications of certain types of antibiotics and examples of broad range and narrow range antibiotics
Type of antibiotic Examples Side effects Target Mechanisms
β lactams: Cell wall synthesis • Inhibits transpeptidase
Penicillin Amoxicillin • Prevents cross linking of peptidoglycan chains which disrupts transpeptidation
Flucloxacillin
Cephalosporins Cefuroxime
Ceftriaxone
Carbapenems Imipenem
Aminoglycosides Gentamicin Nephrotoxicity Protein synthesis • Targets the 30S subunit
• Causes inaccurate mRNA proofreading - leads to faulty protein synthesis
Glycopeptides Vancomycin Cell wall synthesis • Binds to sidechains and prevents transpeptidation - cross links of peptidoglycan chains
Macrolides Erythromycin Cholestasis - jaundice Protein synthesis • Binds to 23S rRNA of 50S subunit and prevents peptide bond formation within EPA sites
Clarithromycin (resistance = 23SrRNA mutation)
Antifolates Trimethoprim DNA synthesis • Inhibits enzymes which produce tetrahydrofolic acid - a cofactor for enzymes involved in
Sulfonamides DNA synth & cell division
Tetracyclines Oxytetracycline Protein synthesis • Binds to 30S subunit, prevents aminoacyl-tRNA binding to the A site of ribosome
Quinolones Ciprofloxacin DNA synthesis • Inhibits the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes, preventing DNA unwinding
Fluroquinolones and replication
Contraindications:
Antibiotics not used during pregnancy:
• Tetracycline - liver damage
• Fluoroquinolones - causes cartilage damage
• Antifolates - in first trimester
Broad range antibiotics:
• Tetracyclines
• Fluoroquinolones
• Aminoglycosides
• Carbapenems
• Cephalosporins
• Macrolides
• Penicillins (some, such as amoxicillin and ampicillin)
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