Essay
Western policies in Asia
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Topic 1- Western PoliciesBackground/context
-At the Yalta Conference (4th –12th February 1945) Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill
formed an alliance due to the latter part of WW2
Roosevelt promised USSR: easier soviet naval access to Pacific + Joint control
with China of the Manchuria railways + the resource rich island of South
Sakhalin
Stalin promised he would enter the war against Japan within 3 months of
Germany’s defeat
Stalin promised he would support Jiang Jieshi’s govt which was threatened by
Mao Zedong
Stalin and Roosevelt agreed to joint trusteeship on Korea to make Korea
independent from Japan
-At Potsdam Conference (17th July 1945) Stalin, Truman, and Atlee met-> change in
leadership relationship
Agreed that China would occupy North Indochina + GB occupy South
Stalin reaffirmed pledge to join war against Japan-> failed to force Japan into
surrender-> US dropped 2 atomic bombs on Japan- Stalin did not like it as he
was not notified of US plans
MODEL STATES
DEFINITION: it was a strategy to show that democracy and capitalism can bring
forth peace and prosperity and happiness to Asia
Japan Philippines
-After the devastating bombings of -After regaining control of after WW2,
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August the US granted the state independence
1945, the US thought it was imperative in 1946.
to rebuild Japan in their ideal image. -Aims: to make the Philippines a
-Aims: to make Japan a democratic democratic state, ensure peace, make
state, ensure peace, make Japan the Philippines capitalist
capitalist
-More successful model state due to Democracy
SCAP being directly involved and -Manuel Roxas was elected as President
overseeing the operation until 1951 in 1946 which was due to the influence
of General MacArthur (SCAP) however
Democracy when elected as president, Roxas ran a
-The 1947 constitution- General corrupt and repressive regime.
MacArthur helped the Japan -Reaction to the Huks rebellion. - Huks
government write the contents of the movement had 12,000 Guerrillas
constitution. Female emancipation- supporting by 1950, when the Filipino
gave women the right to vote (out of government tried to repress the
, 28million votes 14million of these were Communists, it led to a rebellion. The
women=shows women wanted to vote purging of Communists is not a good
but also promoted the concept of liberal representation of liberal democracy.
democracy which was an enormous They were banning the right to freedom
success) of speech.
-Supreme Commander of Allied Powers Capitalism
(SCAP) controlled the media to promote The Bell Trade Act 1946- only foreign
American ideologies and limit the goods Filipinos could buy were
publications of Communists. Not American, Filipinos could not sell any
democratic because people should be goods in competition with American
able to read and watch what they wish. goods, quotas were put on Filipino
-In 1948 Emperor Hirohito oversaw the products in competition with American
purging of communists suppressing the goods. Not successful for Philippines
communist's freedom of speech which because of protectionism- closing off
is not democratic the free market by eliminating
Capitalism economic competition
-The increase in exports- 1947 -The US wanted to improve their
$174million in exports but by 1950 the economy since model states were
was a 375% increase in exports from expensive ($7.2million in military aid) -
$174million to $827million in exports. success of capitalism
Exports are good for the economy -The US improved Philippines’ profits
because Japan gain import taxes- key which is an aim of capitalism
value in capitalism
-Broke down 83 Zabatsu companies-
makes Japanese markets ‘freer’
because more people can participate in
them- capitalism. Also allows the US
make more profit by competing in the
Japanese markets because they
eliminated their competition
Not truly capitalist because Japan could
only trade with the US- not a free
market
Peace
SCAP knew that Emperor Hirohito had a
God-like status among the Japanese
population so by not punishing Emperor
Hirohito it would reduce opposition to
SCAP. -Emperor Hirohito ordered his
people to accept peace which led to
minimal resentment to the constitution.
-US avoided starvation and unrest in
Japan by sending $1billion from 1945-
48 to rebuild Japan
Which more significant in determining US policy NSC-68 or DPS
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