History A level can be overwhelming - especially the USA civil rights module, but do not fret! This Table I created for my exam has literally EVERYTHING you need to know for the Native American civil rights in the period (which is the time frame for A level)
It is organised into columns designed ...
TASK 2- Preparing for 30 mark questions:
See the attached powerpoints. Add facts in each of the columns . These facts should have dates.
FACT BANK Gilded Age 1900 - 1930s New Deal- 50’s Black Power- how did
-need to add in supreme court this affect the civil
decisions from one of the 60’s rights group?/60’s
pages !!
Native What problems
Americans Problem 1 PERCEPTION OF CONTEXT TO WHY THE did Native -Political = Galvanised
WESTWARD EXPANSION NATIVE NEW DEAL WAS BROUGHT Americans rights.
CONCEPT - AMERICANS IN: experience after
Great spirit = US government was committed World War Two?
The Native to attracting settlers to populate - -Great depression 1930 to 1933 1960’s =
Americans the Great Plains EXTERMINATORS created a need for relief. Key problems for Alignment -Lots
believed there
was a supreme
– Derogatory view -1928 Meriam report showed Native Americans: of civil rights
being who made Links to the idea of “manifest of Native the hardship NAs experienced. -The policy of groups put
them the destiny”- White Americans Americans. They -Political pressure e.g AIDA assimilation. pressure on the
guardians of the believed God had chosen need to be wiped (1923) campaigned for more government at
land. out. E.g view of US tribal rights. =under the ‘Indian this point - Black
them to populate the lands .
army. E.g 1864 sand -Paternalism – Termination Panthers(AAs)
Definition of Manifest Destiny was a belief creek massacre. Relief/recovery/reform from policy’ in 1953 NOW (women) -
assimilation = held by white Americans that President Roosvelt. congress declared AIM (American
Assimilation : God had chosen them to its goal of Indian movement
The policy of populate the lands from the Humanitarians: -Republican presidents in the terminating federal
bringing Atlantic sea board to the pacific Believed NA’s 1920s were committed to a responsibilities for Protest is publicly
Native Ocean. needed to be saved. laissez-faire approach. This Native Americans displayed via the
Americans into -Therefore if the land was meant they were less keen to as quickly as media
mainstream required for or any other use by regulate and promote civil possible. Red power
American White Americans then they rights. -Native Americans generates media
society and should not have to beholden to SUPREME COURT 1921-23 Warren Harding. were to be scrutiny and
breaking up the Indian chiefs for their = 1923-29 Calvin Coolidge assimilated into publicity.
tribal culture. agreement. It was a view clearly Cherokee Nation v 1929-1933 Herbert Hoover. mainstream Creates a
, expressed by Edward McCook, Hitchcock (1902) American society. response from
-most likely to governor of territory of Colorado ROOSEVELT SETTING THE Native Americans federal power.
go into the at the time. -The Cherokees TONE BY GIVING NA’s a were seen as
campaigning challenged the right law. culturally Why more protest ?
theme as it is to live according to ARGUMENTS FOR THE different. Termination policy was
assimilation their own laws and NEW DEAL BEING A unpopular (Nixon ends it
that causes a SIG? This approach traditions. Congress TURNING POINT / Marked a step in 1968)
lot of the split. encroached on Native continued to deny IMPORVING THE POSITION towards ending the 1. Termination
American life them this and the OF NAs. NA tribes and broke up tribal
supreme court did making NAs culture and
Any measure that links to land is not rule in the -1934 John Collier became the subject to the same rights why?
Problems that usually economic but could be Cherokees favour. commissioner for Indian affairs laws as other US Because
this group federal e.g Dawes Act. citizens. government
faced in this LONE WOLF VS In this role he sought to limit wanted NAs to
period? Profitable mining opportunities, HITCHCOCK 1903 the influence of Christian *Tribal be treated the
build up infrastructure and missionaries on reservations. governments – the same as other
expansion -Kiowa chief assimilation policy US Citizens.
annoyed that He had opposed the bursum bill had a devastating 2. Promoted NA
Attitudes of Native Americans resided on the congress ignored which proposed to take 60,000 effect on tribal independence
federal power? plains. clause in medicine acres from the Pueblos. Collier culture and but condition for
This area was valuable and lodge treaty in 1867. helped to promote religious, economic well- NAs were poor
Westward expansion meant that This stipulated that educational and economic beings with their 3. Indian
the government wanted the tribes could use freedom for Nas. lands taken over Vocational Act
Evidence of land. reservation lands. by the 1956- provided
campaigning? 4/5 of male -He persuaded congress to pass government. training to help
population would the Indian reorganization act Native Americans Native
The westwards expansion of the have to change (1934) were treated Americans in the
Key US frontier from the early terms of treaty. differently work place. Self
developments: decades of the nineteenth -New Deal marked a turning because of their help. Providing
century onwards was a This case formed an point in the approach of the ethnicity. a law without
Social significant factor in radically important legal government. The 1928 Meriam actually
changing the way of life of the precedent as it Report had highlighted NUANCE POINT providing a
, Indians. established the right problems that NAs experienced The Bureau of remedy.
Economic As white settlers pushed the for congress to and John Collier who was Indian Affairs -Very inconsistent
Indians were gradually removed revoke all land Commissioner of Indian ( formerly Office and not necessarily
Political from their traditional lands. treaties and led to Affairs helped to raise of Indian Affairs) helping Native
the further awareness of the needs and was a federal Americans
These tribes were given land in acquisition of Indian rights of Nas. organisation which
Oklahoma on the plains, to lands. controlled the Red power :
create space for White American budget for the Fish-in in 1968
families to settle on their original THEORDORE Indian reorganization act 1934 development of =Native Americans
homelands. (Out come of the ROOSEVELT 1901- could include some political, NAs. It had the asserted their old treaty
Indian removal act) 1909 economic and social elements. capacity to take rights to fish in the
land away from Columbia river and Puget
White settlers moved onto In 1909 Congress Nas. sound. -This happened
Native American lands. The appropriates -The Indian Reorganisation . because the supreme
1839 Indian removal act $12,000 for Act also known as the The BIA (could court ignored the treaty
created a forced migration ofnational health Wheeler-Howard Act helped also be rights.
Nas native to Georgia, program for NAs. to promote native American economic)–
Alabama, Mississippi, The federal The American Indian
culture and tried to encourage federal
Virginia , Tennessee and government movement (AIM) was set
organizes
more autonomy over their right organisation issued
Florida ( around 70,000 Nas), up in 1968. Protests
campaigns to manage land money, controlled
raised awareness of
against education and held
1849- Gold was discovered in injustice
tuberculosis, power over the
California and in the late trachoma, infant -KEY MEASURES: It allowed reservations. The
1840s, trails across the but - their violent
mortality, house Nas the right to practice their mainly white approach undermined e.g
America to the west coastal flies, alcoholism own religion and assert their bureau was seen to
plain encouraged settlers to Pine ridge reservation in
and tooth decay. cultural identity ( eg use of be too 1975 - shooting incident
seek new fertile lands. peyote). bureaucratic. It resulted in two FBI agents
Woodrow WILSON took land, offering being killed and a member
• Sig? NAs lost land and NA children were allowed to minimum of the AIM was found
right to fish. 1913-21 attend local schools and learn compensation. guilty.
about NA culture rather than Native Americans
Wilson is known adopt western culture/// break were not able to -Vine Deloria Jr, a Sioux
, for his typically from reservation have the same wanted to study law
Homesteaders racist views, policy/assimilation. opportunities or indicated that NA’s would
-The term for white settlers that considering rights as other be willing to bring case
moved to the West those who It stopped the sale of NA lands Americans. after case to create
aren’t white to and recovered large amounts of change. In 1969, the book
be beneath him. land that could be used for ‘Custer died for your sins’
Desire for wealth: expansion. =Millions of acres HOWEVER was published.
-Many settlers wanted to of NA lands were recultivated 1948 – Bureau of
discover gold after it was and the NA population began Indian affairs tried -Dee Brown. She
uncovered in 1862. As a to rise. to resolve the increased awareness of
result, settlers went onto Assimilation suffering of NA’s. the plight of Native
Native American lands . NEW DEAL Americans. Her book
continued from 1887
Problems: Roosevelt's New Deal “Bury my heart at
until 1933.
Native Americans such as the decreased the sale of wounded knee” was
The Indian
Sioux were furious that other 1921 the Dance Indian lands to individual published in 1970.
Claims
groups were coming onto their order = prohibited buyers. Between 1900 and
Commission 1946
land. 1930, the Indians lost more Alcatraz 20th November
Pueblo Native than half of their land.
worked to promote
The prospect of gold 1969
Americans from the efforts of NAs
encouraged more settlers to -14 demonstrators (led by
performing. Unallocated land lost in Richard Oakes) from
visit. This disturbed the Native between 1900 and 1930 WWII .However, Indian tribes occupied
American way of life. 1924 Indian was restored to the tribes. the Sioux refused Alcatraz - Demonstrators
Citizenship act = This was used to expand compensation by wanted to remind people
In 1865, the Union Pacific Under this law the existing reservations ICC after being of the plight that Native
Railway was being Native Americans and to create new ones. denied land Americans experienced on
constructed. This helped to could be full US Native Americans became ( Black Hills of the reservations /urban
promote migration of settlers citizens. more involved in the
Dakota). areas.
and westward expansion. Bureau of Indian Affairs.
-They offered $24 in
In 1869, the first trans- +change in attitude
continental railway was built. in comparison to The commission beads and cloth. This was
refused and occupiers
Settlers were encouraged to pre-WWI. Better training in farming was was not given the grew to 80 Native
move to the west as the provided and Nas had access to power to enforce Americans .
railroad companies lured +Gave Native medical services. Native American
-In total around 10,000
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