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Summary Last minute cram information from past papers for Paper 3 AQA Economics
I went through past papers looking for phrases and terminology that the Exam Board desire. This got me an A*
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9:00 - 9:25 -> MCQs9.25 - 9:45 -> Read Q's and extracts, plan
9:45 - 10.00 -> Q31
10.00-10.20 -> Q32
10.20 -10.50 -> Q33 Intro & PEEEs
10.50 - 11.00 -> Q33 Conclusion
(10 marker) - evaluation “better”, “more”.
“Most candidates are likely to base their assessment on the data in Extract B. However, they can also be rewarded for making relevant use of the other extracts
and their own knowledge”
, Intro: what is the target and how will it be achieved, distinction between fossil and other fuels
2021 limitations of the data might include:
o cannot be certain how easy it is going to be to continue to reduce the amount of energy
produced from fossil fuels and increase the proportion generated from renewables
o no information on the cost of producing electricity from different sources
o difficult to know how changes in technology will affect the situation
o difficult to predict how markets might help to achieve a reduction GHG emissions without changes to government policy
o no information on current policies and their impact, eg UK policy of banning the sale of all petrol and diesel cars by 2040
2018 limitations of the data identified might include:
o data indicating reasons for the post-2011 fall in the price of oil and coal are not given, (supply or demand?) eg the fall may
not reflect a reduction in demand for these fuels but an increase in supply
o there is no data showing changes (in other sources) in the price of energy generated from nuclear, hydroelectric and other
renewable sources
o a longer time period is needed to see whether the changes indicated in Figure 1 are
sustained and how they evolve; changes in technology that facilitate such fundamental adjustments are implemented over many
years
o some of the evidence appears contradictory, eg the volume of energy generated
from fossil fuels and non-fossil sources have both increased
o the data in Figure 1 show consumption rather than production, although they are
likely to be very similar, particularly when taken over a few years
2017 Relevant issues include:
• the changes in the index of output of manufacturing, e.g. the fluctuations and comparing the
start and end values (97.8 to 96.6)
• the decline in employment between 2003 Q1 and 2009 Q1 (3.65m to 2.99m)
• the modest recovery in employment between 2009 Q1 and 2015 Q3
• discussion of output and employment as indicators of the possible decline in manufacturing
• changes in the exports of goods (increase of £97.1bn)
• changes in the imports of goods (increase of £171.2bn)
• changes in the balance of trade in goods (deteriorates by £74.1bn)
• not all goods are manufactures, e.g. basic commodities
• the trade figures do not take into account inflation
• the changing share of manufacturing but precise data for the period 2003 – 2015 has not
been provided
• use of data concerning the rate of growth of manufacturing
• the growth of manufacturing compared to the rate of growth of real GDP
• some may use data in the extracts relating to car manufacturing and the steel industry
Data from one point in time….. trend not an average?
Demerit lead to under-priced
Positive x -> overpriced
More equal incomes -> better macroeconomic stability as a more even distribution of income leads to better
harmony and social cohesion
Low inflation -> macro stability since low+stable inflation encourages saving, investment
Inflation hits real incomes
• explanation of what is meant by the zero-emissions target
[2021] After considering Extract E, and the • why further government action might be needed to ensure the target is achieved by 2050
original evidence in Extracts A, B, C and D, • explanation of policies that the UK government could introduce to reduce emissions, examples
include: carbon taxes, pollution permits, regulations, subsidies for technologies that reduce GHG
which policies, if any, would you recommend emissions, carbon border tax
that the UK government should introduce to • the advantages and disadvantages of individual policies
• some policies may shift production that causes GHG emissions to other countries, eg in Asia or
ensure that it achieves its zero-emissions target Africa
by 2050. Justify your recommendation • whether policies should focus on consumption instead of, or as well as, production
• the costs of policies to reduce GHG emissions for particular industries/sectors of the economy
• the benefits of policies to reduce GHG emissions for particular industries/sectors of the economy
• Explain what the target is! • opportunities to develop ‘new industries’ in growing markets and create export opportunities
• the role of market forces in reducing GHG emissions
• Focus on consumption or production? • the impact on short-run and long-run growth
• the impact on employment and unemployment
• Intro: explain policies that could be • the impact on inflation
used • the impact on the balance of payments
• possible regional effects
• Costs/benefits for particular industries • effects on the distribution of income, eg some policies may be regressive
• short-run versus long-run effects
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