A full in depth notes summary of AQA GCSE Medicine: Science and Technology. These notes managed to get me a grade 8 on my AQA History GCSE in 2022. All notes have been made using class notes, teacher notes and AQA History guides. All notes that i have made are Dyslexia friendly, are colourful and e...
Science and technology
Wartime developments: plastic surgery, blood transfusions and X-Rays.
Some types of medicine develop at a greater rate during wartime than in peacetime
- Governments spend a lot of money on the development of the latest medical
techniques and the most up-to-date medical technology.
- They know that if medical services are good, then more soldiers have a
chance of survival; and the more soldiers that are available, the greater the
country’s chances of victory.
- Doctors and surgeons work very hard in wartime, often in battlefield
situations, to develop their ideas in order to treat the injured.
- The huge numbers of wounded soldiers give doctors and surgeons more
opportunities than are available in the peacetime to test their ideas out.
The impact of WW1 and WW2
X-rays
- Discovered in 1895; hospitals used them to look for broken bones and
disease before WW1.
- During the war, they proved their effectiveness on the battlefield when mobile
X-ray machines were used, developed by Polish scientist Marie Curie.
- Allowed surgeons to find out exactly where in the wounded soldier’s body
bullets or pieces of shrapnel had lodged- without having to cut him open.
Blood transfusions
- In 1900, Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups, which helped doctors
work out that a transfusion only worked if the donor's blood type matched the
receiver’s.
- It was not possible to store blood for long until 1914 when Albert Hustin
discovered that sodium citrate stopped blood from clotting.
- The British National Blood Transfusion Service opened in 1938.
- Large blood banks developed both in the USA and Britain during WW2
Plastic surgery
- During WW1, Harold Gillies (a london based army doctor) set up a special
unit to graft (transplant) skin and treat men suffering from severe facial
wounds.
- Queen’s Hospital in Kent opened in 1917; by 1921 it provided over 1000 beds
for soldiers with severe facial wounds.
- During WW2, Archibald McIndoe used new drugs such as penicillin to prevent
infection when treating pilots with horrific facial injuries.
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