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What is the self? What are some Most researchers
examples of things would say there How do you get the
that can contribute are two main self-concept?
to our sense of self? components to the
self, what are they?
What did Wilson et What did Nisbett What is feeling
al (1982) study and What did Nisbett and Wilson (1977) ownership?
how? and Wilson (1977) study and how?
study and how? - In relation to
thoughts
-
What is feeling of What did Swiney What is reflective How accurate are
agency and Sousa (2013) appraisal? our reflective
study and how? appraisals?
- In regards to
thoughts
What are the 3 Who came up with Summarise the What happened in
propositions of social comparison study by DePaulo the the study by
social comparison theory? et al (1987) DePaulo et al
theory? where they put pps
in 3 different pairs
with strangers –
the self
, - Self-concept – cognitive
component of the self (factual
- We can find out a Many kinds of beliefs can The self is an organised set of
beliefs about yourself, personality,
certain amount about ourselves background etc) contribute to our sense of self, beliefs we hold about ourselves
by looking in the mirror - Self-esteem – evaluative including beliefs about: that define our identity as
- We can observe our component of the self (concerns - Our appearance individuals. The major
beh. In different situations and how good or bad you feel about - Our personality components of the self are the
this contributes to our idea of yourself). - Other personal self-concept and self-esteem,
self-concept. – circumstantial o Not necessarily constant characteristic such as values which is the evaluative
information and the action itself over time – can change on any time and attitudes component of the self
scale.
is indictive of our personality. - Our ethnic
o Not necessarily a global
thing – we can have different levels membership Stable enduring characteristics
of self esteem related to different - Religious affiliation – i.e. past present and future
aspects of our life e.g. they could - Our autobiography versions of us..
have high self esteem for driving
but low self esteem in relation to
their appearance.
Feeling ownership: our thoughts Showed ps faces of 2 women “people have access to the How accurate peoples self-
are our own (not coming in and asked them which was products of mental processes perception of how other
from outside, not anyone else’s) more attractive but not to the processes influences impact their mood
themselves” are.
Some cases asked why they
choise them – some shown the Nylon stockings at a stall – Found there was no difference
wrong photos people were able to pick their between participants who kept a
Only 13% identified this was favourite and give a reason why diary of their mood and
the wrong photo despite the all being identical. effectors and those who didn’t
keep a diary.
Others able to give a reason Correlation
why they chose this woman Diary + .42
even though it wasn’t actually Guessing + .45
that one
- Not very accurate - We get our own sense Lab Feeling of agency: we ourselves
- Not difficult to carry of self from our perceptions of are making these thought
out experiments – get people in how other people view us Pps said they would be paired happen no ones else is doing it
experiments to interact with - We are trying to up and they would have a TMS for us.
each other and then you can figure out when we are with helmet on meaning tht the
compare person As rating of other people how they view us paired pps would be able to
person B, with person Bs rating - Formation of self- implant words into their head –
of what they think person A is schema pps reported if they heard a
rating them as. o When you’re word or not ( 33/46 said they
interacting with people you’re experienced at least 1 word)
thinking about how they may
think of you e.g. do they think
I’m warm/cold?
Series of interactions between Series of interactions between
people set up – had to work in pairs people set up – had to work in pairs
Festinger (1954) - People have a drive to
3 times 3 times assess their opinions, abilities and
- Exposed to a number of - Exposed to a number of personal characteristics accurately
people who form people who form - When there are no
impressions on them impressions on them objective standards people assess
Each person then rated the person Each person then rated the person themselves by making comparisons
they were interacting ith they were interacting ith with other people
- People prefer to compare
Rated how they thought the other Rated how they thought the other themselves to others who are
person rated them person rated them similar to them. E.g. if you want to
get an idea of how good a dancer
Found pps could tell how liking Found pps could tell how liking you are, you compare yourself to
changed over time thought they changed over time thought they someone with the same level of
were making the same impression were making the same impression experience as you.
on everyone – but they clearly on everyone – but they clearly
weren’t. weren’t.
,What happened in What happened in What happened in Explain the study
the study by Morse the study by Morse the study by Kenny by Kenny and
and Gergen (1970) and Gergen which and Depaulo (1993) DePaulo -
– the self? looked at job – the self literature review
applicants – the looking at
self? personality and
liking – th eself
What happened in Explain the study What happened in Explian the study
the study b by Thornton and the study by by McGuire and
Thornton and Moore (1993) – McGuire and Padawer-Singer
Moore (1993) – the social comparison Padawer-Singer looking at social
self – the self – pictures (1976) comparison in
children – the self
Describe Describe Describe the study Describe the study
collectivist cultures individualistic by Cousins et al by Trope (1975) –
cultures (1989) the self
What is self- What is the What are two Describe the study
verification experiment by methods we by Swann and
theory? Trope (1975) employ in order to Read (1981) – the
looking at IQ – maintain our self self
integrative concept?
orientation – the
self
, pps applied for what they pps applied for what they
Literature review of all previous Literature review of all previous thought was a real job – given thought was a real job – given
research research several forms and several forms and
questionnaires (self esteem) questionnaires (self esteem)
after pps filled in questionnaire after pps filled in questionnaire
Personality – we think that Personality – we think that
receptionist came in with what receptionist came in with what
everyone seesus in the same everyone seesus in the same
would have been another would have been another
way way
applicant applicant
- 2 conditions - 2 conditions
Liking – we do have the ability Liking – we do have the ability Tatty and suit Tatty and suit
to tell whether people like us in to tell whether people like us in
general general
Results – clean = lower SE Results – clean = lower SE
Beliefs about how other people Beliefs about how other people
Dirty = higher SE Dirty = higher SE
see us are based on our pre- see us are based on our pre-
existing ideas about ourselves. existing ideas about ourselves.
Asking children to describe Asking children to describe Pps taken into a lab and asked Pps taken into a lab and asked
themselves in their won words themselves in their won words to fill our some questionnaires to fill our some questionnaires
Found that children tend to say Found that children tend to say Said the equip in the roomwas Said the equip in the roomwas
things that made them more things that made them more set up for another experimenter set up for another experimenter
different from classmates e.g. different from classmates e.g.
blue eyes blue eyes Builbord with 24 different faces Builbord with 24 different faces
Oldest or youngest in class Oldest or youngest in class on either attractive or on either attractive or
Place of birth (44% of those Place of birth (44% of those unattractive unattractive
born in other countries born in other countries
mentioned it mentioned it
Significant effect of the faces Significant effect of the faces
on self esteem ratings on self esteem ratings
Pps told they were doing a
study on ID – integrative Contextualized and non- identity is defined as Define identify more
orientation told this relates to contextualized 20 statements personal choices and in terms of their relations with
intellectual performance byut test (I am ) – home, uni, with achievements – people are others around them – social
not captured by standard IQ friends regarded as having groupings (family, work, peers)
Researcher has developed 6 Coded statement they provided responsibility for themselves as See themselves as
diff. tests – 25 items on each Results: how they conduct their live - occupying a particular place or
__> pps asked to choose test America pps mostly pure they are unique and separate role within a group/s
items for themselves. attributes (i.e. americans see from others. Existence defined in
differed on difficulty and themselves strongly in terms of America, Britain terms other relations they have
diagnostic value personality characteristics with others in the various
--pps likely to go for easier tests Japanese focus on relation to groups to which they belong.
and much more likely to go for social context – when you Aware of themselves
high diagnostic test – we go for specify a social context in terms of social context.
info that is likely to tell us Japanese use pure attributes China, Japan, Korean
something correct about more often than americans.
ourselves.
Pps filled out a series of o We seek out info that Pps told they were doing a study on people want to maintain a
personality ratings – including confirms out self-concept and ID – integrative orientation told consistent, stable and certain
assertiveness – told the purpose avoid disconformity this relates to intellectual view of themselves a clear
performance byut not captured by
of the study is to get acuinted information. idea of who we are and we want
standard IQ
with other people o This collectively is Researcher has developed 6 diff. this idea to be persistent and
self-verification – the process of tests – 25 items on each consistent across time
Convo with stranger – before getting information hat __> pps asked to choose test items
convo partner saw ratings + confirms our beliefs about for themselves. differed on - Our desire to have a
evaluated them on scales ourselves. difficulty and diagnostic value clear certain stable self concept
--pps likely to go for easier tests and
Pps given $1 – pay 10 cents to is so great that we take steps to
much more likely to go for high
see the answer given to a diagnostic test – we go for info that ensure that this is the case
question spent more money is likely to tell us something correct - collect info that confirms our
on info that confirmed beliefs about ourselves. beliefs
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