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A Level Psychology Essay Plans/Notes - Schizophrenia
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Psychology A Level Essay Plans – SchizophreniaDiscuss reliability and validity in relation to the diagnosis and classification of
schizophrenia
AO1
DSM-5 - 1 positive system , ICD-10 - 2 negative symptoms
positive - hallucinations, delusions ; negative - speech poverty, avolution
AO3
strength - reliability, inter rater (+.97) and test restest (+.92), consistent since DSM-5
limitation - validity, criterion validity, 100 clients, 39 diagnosed under DSM-5 vs 68
under ICD, either under or over diagnosed, low validity
strength - validity, excellent agreement between clinicians when both used DSM,
criterion validity good with single diagnostic system
Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia
AO1
genetic basis - family studies (48% twins), candidate genes, polygenic, aetiologically
heterogenerous (combination of genes)
neural correlates - original dopamine hypothesis (hyperdopaminergia, result of high
dopamine levels in subcortical areas), updated DH (hypodopaminergia, low DA in
cortex, can lead to hyper so both included)
AO3
strength - genetic research support, Gottesman family studies, Tieneri adoption
studies, Hilker twin studies, vulnerable to SZ due to genetic makeup
limitation - (genetic) environmental factors, biological influences eg birth
complications, cannibis in teenage years, etc, psychological influences eg childhood
trauma
strength - evidence for dopamine, amphetamines increase DA and worsen
symptoms, antispychotocs reduce DA and lessen symptoms
limitation - glutamate, post mortems and scans, raised levels of neurotransmitter
glutamate in brain regions of SZ patients, other NTs have role
Describe and evaluate psychological theories of schizophrenia
AO1
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