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HSC Unit 11 LAA and LAB Coursework
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This is the whole of learning aim a and learning aim b of unit 11 health and social care psychological perspective Achieved Distinction
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Unit 11: Psychological perspectiveCase study 1: Ahmed, 18 yrs old Case study 2: Sarah, 42 yrs old
Ahmed is 18 years old and has an Sarah is 42 years old and regularly
eating disorder. Ahmed is currently in a attends a Community Psychiatric Clinic
specialist treatment centre. He was for support with her ongoing clinical
referred to the unit following concerns depression. Sarah was emotionally and
about his severe weight loss. physically abused as a child, which has
It had been discovered that Ahmed resulted in a low self-image and low
would pretend to eat and then throw the self-esteem. She constantly apologises,
food away when he thought that no one even though she has done nothing
was looking. wrong and has days when life does not
Ahmed had previously had problems seem worth living. Sarah has twice
with his weight and had been bullied attempted suicide.
throughout school, due to his obesity.
He is currently refusing to eat more than
a small amount of food during the day.
Ahmed
In the UK, approximately 1.25 million people suffer from an eating disorder. There
are numerous types of eating disorders, all of them cause major health problems.
Anorexia is the most common eating disorder, and some of its symptoms include
only consuming low-calorie foods, experiencing extreme weight loss, and restricting
or avoiding food intake. Ahmed exhibits all of these symptoms, and the fact that he is
receiving therapy from a specialised treatment centre shows how obvious his
symptoms are.
A.P1: Explain how psychological perspectives are applied to the
understanding of human development
Social learning theory:
In the social learning perspective, behaviour is
observed and imitated. When a person
witnesses a behaviour being rewarded or
punished, it may change their likelihood of
repeating the behaviour. This can relate to
Ahmed's case since he may have seen people
who have lost weight by not eating on social
media, and he may have observed and imitated
this behaviour. it may change their likelihood of
repeating the behaviour, Ahmed may have felt
rewarded since not eating made him lose weight
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,Unit 11: Psychological perspective
and therefore he is more likely to repeat this behaviour. The theory's creator, Albert
Bandura, agrees with classical and operant conditioning. There are many factors
that can affect someone's behaviour, including peers, siblings, parents, social media,
television, and celebrities. Albert Bandura conducted an experiment where a child
imitated the behaviour of an adult towards a bobo doll. At first the child mimicked
the hostile behaviour of the adult towards the bobo doll. Later on the adult then
treated the bobo doll with care and kindness which the child imitated.This is because
the adults are role models who are observed by children and their behaviour is
encoded. They may later imitate the behaviour they have observed. They may do so
whether or not the behaviour is 'gender appropriate,' but there are a number of
processes that increase the likelihood that a child will reproduce the behaviour that
society deems appropriate for its gender. The child is more likely to pay attention to
and imitate those who appear to be similar to itself. As a result, it is more likely to
imitate the behaviour of people of the same gender. The social learning theory
demonstrates the power of role models and how easily Ahmed was influenced.
When Ahmed sees someone he admires acting in a certain way, he is more likely to
try to imitate that behaviour. For instance, if a celebrity has a certain body type and
posts pictures of it on social media, individuals such as Ahmed are more likely to be
influenced by this and try to imitate how the celebrity looks.
External or internal reinforcement can be positive or negative. If Ahmed seeks
approval from his parents or peers, this is an external reinforcement; however,
feeling happy about being approved is an internal reinforcement. Ahmed will act in a
way that he believes will earn approval because he has desires. Ahmed may eat
little to nothing as he feels becoming thinner may earn him approval from his parents
and peers who bullied him for being overweight. Positive (or negative) reinforcement
will have little effect if the reinforcement provided externally does not match the
needs of the individual. Reinforcement can be positive or negative, but the
important thing is that it usually results in a change in behaviour.
Humanistic Perspective:
The humanistic perspective seeks to understand a person as a complete person
rather than just through one particular aspect of their personality. It is a field of
psychology that deals with the concept of being totally different and entirely your own
person.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:
American psychologist Abraham Maslow believed
that we can only fulfil our potential once all of our
needs have been met. These began at the level of our
most fundamental need to merely live and developed
into self-actualization. Self actualization refers to the
state in which we have attained our full potential in
terms of our knowledge, skills, and personality,
allowing for the development of higher order functions
like creativity, mortality, and our innate talents.
There are 5 stages in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
The first stage is the Physiological stage which is
the basic needs for human survival, such as air, food, drink,
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, Unit 11: Psychological perspective
shelter, clothes, warmth, sex, and sleep. According to Maslow, physiological needs
are the most important as these are the basic human needs.
Once a person's physiological demands are met, the second stage is when their
wants for safety and security become apparent. People desire a sense of control,
predictability, and order in their life. The family and society can meet these needs
(e.g. police, schools, business).For instance, psychological safety, financial safety
(such as employment and social benefits), law and order, confidence, social stability,
property, health and wellness (e.g. safety against accidents and injury).
The third is love and belongingness. This stage is reached once physiological and
safety requirements have been met. A human being's emotional need for social
relationship, affiliation, togetherness, and being part of a group is known as
belongingness. Friendship, closeness, trust, acceptance, receiving and giving
affection, and love are a few examples of belongingness demands.
Maslow's hierarchy's fourth stage is esteem needs, which include respect,
self-worth, and accomplishment. Maslow divided esteem requirements into two
categories: the need for respect or repute from others, and the need for regard for
oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) (e.g., status, prestige).
According to Maslow, the desire for reputation or respect is more crucial for kids and
teenagers than the need for genuine self-worth.
The highest level in Maslow's hierarchy, self-actualization needs, are concerned
with realising one's potential, finding contentment in oneself, seeking personal
development, and having peak experiences. This level, according to Maslow, is the
drive to achieve one's full potential and maximise one's potential.
People may focus or sense this urge extremely specifically. Ahmed endured bullying
at school for his weight, which may have contributed to or "triggered" this compulsive
behaviour. Maslow's hierarchy of needs explains that Ahmed's disordered
behaviour is an attempt to gain the feeling of belongingness and love from his
peers, and that the constant bullying may have caused his self-esteem to decline
and an increase in his need to belong to the point where he felt he had to drastically
alter his eating habits, severely restricting his intake or not eating at all.
Ahmed may have believed that if he dropped weight, his friends would stop picking
on him. The accumulated hurt and depression may have caused Ahmed to
practically starve himself, not caring about the negative effects and simply craving a
sense of love and belonging. His actions suggest that he wants to be loved,
appreciated, and perhaps even envied because he used to be teased by others; but,
if he loses weight, others might respect him he would be unable to satisfy his
psychological or self-esteem needs without receiving approval and affirmation
from others.
Carl Rogers:
Carl Rogers was a pioneering founder of the humanistic approach who agreed
with most of Abraham Maslow's thinking but added that in order for a person to
evolve, they need an environment that fosters empathy, acceptance, and validity.
He thought that in order for a person to progress, they must be in a condition of
congruence, and he established a new type of client-centred treatment to address
this.
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