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Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules 1-3 With 100% Correct Answers 2023
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Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules 1-3 With 100% Correct Answers 2023
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Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules 1-3 With100% Correct Answers 2023
Pharmacokinetics - Correct Answer-The process in which medications move through the body
What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics? - Correct Answer-absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Absorption - Correct Answer-happens with drug movement from the GI tract into the bloodstream. Most meds are taken by mouth.
Oral absorption - Correct Answer-Takes awhile to get absorbed because it has to go through the GI system
Usually takes 2-4 hours •Enteric coated aspirin - hard on stomach can not crush pill
•Extended release absorbed in the small intestine
IM absorption - Correct Answer-Absorbed 1-2 hours
IV absorption - Correct Answer-Absorbed 30-60 minutes
dissolution - Correct Answer-Dissolution happens when a po medication breaks down into particles, disintegrates, and dissolves to combine with liquid so absorption from the GI tract into the bloodstream occurs. Liquid medications are absorbed faster than solids. Food can interfere with the absorption of drugs.
Drugs that resist dissolution - Correct Answer-Parenteral medications (SL, eyedrops, inhalants, transdermal) do not pass through the GI tract. Enteric coated medications are designed to resist disintegration until the pill reaches the
small intestine. EC and sustained release meds should not be crushed.
Factors that affect absorption - Correct Answer-•Lack of muscle and increased fat changes medicine absorption
•Food consumption - will change medicine potency (delayed)
•Stress - Exercise, medicine goes to muscle
•pH - Medicine is made for acidic environments
•Antacid changes absorption •Taken alone so it doesn't change the action
Excipients - Correct Answer-Fillers and other substances that make up tablets as a pill is not 100% drug. Sometimes an excipient enhances the absorption of a drug such as with PCN, which is not well absorbed from the GI tract. Adding Na to PCN, which makes it penicillin sodium, will increase the absorption of PCN
first pass effect - Correct Answer-•the oral drugs go to liver via portal vein where some of the drug becomes inactive
•Only happens with oral medications
delayed gastric emptying - Correct Answer-Food doesn't move like it should
Distribution - Correct Answer-refers to the movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues
Factors affecting distribution - Correct Answer--blood flow to tissues
-protein binding
-blood brain barrier
-drug's affinity to the tissue
protein binding - Correct Answer-Drugs bind with proteins in blood Some drugs are highly protein bound and other are weakly protein bound
free drugs - Correct Answer-drugs not bound to protein
Drug Toxicity - Correct Answer--Two highly protein bound drugs compete and one might
accumulate and cause a toxicity
-it is important to know if you are administering highly protein bound medications and monitor albumin levels in patients with liver or kidney disease. -Some drugs that are highly protein bound include: Warfarin Furosemide Diazepam
Drug distribution and albumin - Correct Answer--A decrease in albumin levels decrease the protein-binding sites, which means more of the free drug is circulated. -This can be fatal with some meds. -Free drugs are those not bound to protein, which means they are active in the body and cause a pharmacologic response. -Older adults, malnourished individuals, and those with liver or kidney disease have low albumin levels.
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) - Correct Answer--The BBB protects the brain from most drugs. -Some meds are able to cross the BBB such as benzodiazepines. -Drugs can cross the placenta and cause spontaneous abortion or alter fetal growth and
development.
Metabolism - Correct Answer-•Chemically changes drug to a form that can be excreted
•Liver primary site
half-life - Correct Answer-•the time it takes for the drug in the body to be reduced by half
Loading dose - Correct Answer-use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment to allow the drug to reach the critical concentration (therapeutic level) sooner
•Blood thinner
•Antibiotic
Exceretion - Correct Answer-the removal of waste products from medications which is done mainly through the kidneys
Other routes for include lungs, sweat, saliva, and bile
Factors effecting excretion - Correct Answer-Disorders in which the blood flow to the kidneys is reduced will influence drug excretion. Dehydration, CKD, and glomerulonephritis are examples.
Drug Elimination and Patients with Kidney Disease - Correct Answer-Lab tests to determine kidney and renal function include: Creatinine (0.5-1.1 female, 0.6-1.2 male) BUN (10-20) eGFR (60-90+)
You should be aware of patients kidney function status as this will determine drug dosage.)
Drug Elimination and patients with liver disease - Correct Answer-Lab tests to determine
liver function include: ALT (4-36) and AST (0-35)
Onset - Correct Answer-time it takes for drug to start working
Peak - Correct Answer-highest concentration in blood
duration - Correct Answer-length of therapeutic effect
Peak and Trough - Correct Answer-•highest (30 minutes after giving) and lowest (right before giving second dose) amount of drug in blood
Agonist - Correct Answer-desired response
Antagonist - Correct Answer-undesired response
side effects - Correct Answer-Expected Secondary effects
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