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Essay Plans - Political Ideas
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9 markers & 25 markers essay plans for topics listed in AQA Government and Politics A-level Paper 3
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Conservatism RevisionE + A 3 ways in which conservative thinkers view role of the individual in society. (9)
P – society is atomistic, sum of its individuals.
Ex – NR, society defined by autonomous individuals, seek self-fulfillment & realization.
Ev – Rand, Atlas Shrugged, talented individuals, society would wither w/o this energy.
An – stray too far away from traditional thought of laissez-faire approach & ‘right to choose.’
P – society is organic & muti-faceted comprising of ‘little platoons.’
Ex – individuals in small, diverse & largely autonomous communities as way to pursue improvement.
Ev – Oakeshott, traditional cons is a psychology, ‘love of the familiar.’ Burke condemned French cen.
An – preserving ruling-class ideology, cons. Paternalism is an attempt to make elitism palatable.
P – humanity as imperfect.
Ex – human fallibility > human, gap between aspiration & achievement, cautious w/ utopia.
Ev – Hobbes Leviathan, human nature is needy, commit destructive acts within society w/o restrain.
An – wary as quintessential cons, admits rational calculations & contract, closer to Lib thinking.
Explain and analyze 3 conservatism views on human nature. (9)
P – cynical view.
Ex – individuals selfish, driven by restless/ruthless desire for supremacy, life brutish, nasty, short.
Ev – Hobbes, Leviathan, humans roughly equal in strength, fearful of others as weakest kills strong.
An – most cynical, supported by Burke, human nature w/ skepticism but define human imperfection.
P – modest view.
Ex – humanity best when free from grand designs and when focused on the routines of everyday life.
Ev – Oakeshott, humans fragile and fallible, not immoral, just imperfect, greater appreciation.
An – conceded w/ early, not terrible, or immoral, still secure pleasure, more optimistic.
P – egotistical view.
Ex – individuals driven by a quest for ‘self-ownership’, allowing them to realize their full potential.
Ev – Nozick, individuals own ends and projects rationally devote themselves, liberty is fundamental.
An – broke from Hobbes, optimistic, supported by Rand’s concept of rational egoism.
Explain and analyze 3 conservatism views on social order/tradition. (9)
P – organicism.
Ex – organic society > individualism, society dependent on trust and affection like ‘little platoons.’
Ev – Oakeshott, ‘just as plants new leaves are connected to’ dependent, present from past.
An – traditional, society natural, tradition maintains it, doesn’t mean oppose change, accordance.
, Conservatism Revision
P – traditional values around Judeo-Christian Morality.
Ex – moral values, marriage, and nuclear family stability and certainty, via religion.
Ev – Burke, moral duties are included in religion and enforced by it, foundation of a civil society.
An – religious principles, altruism, and compassion curbs imperfections, supported by Hobbes.
P – New Right challenge to tradition, custom and practice.
Ex – collection of individuals, rationally pursue own needs, meritocratic > hierarchal, traditions bad.
Ev – Rand, talented individuals start businesses, new tech & ideas through their own talents, new.
An – Nozick, tradition eradicated in econ & social sphere, contrasts traditional beliefs of hierarchy.
Explain and analyze 3 conservativism views on equality. (9)
P – traditional belief in hierarchy.
Ex – human nature naturally divided, ruling class authority to govern, masses should obey the elite.
Ev – Hobbes, hierarchy natural & ideal, social contract completed, sovereign has all power.
An – establishes the way for order, but later one-nation conservatism in form of paternalism.
P – Burke.
Ex – rejects equality, artificial imposition on the natural hierarchy that exists in organic societies.
Ev – Burke, condemned the French revolution, aimed to destroy collective wisdom of the ages.
An – useful, humans unable to rely on individual reason hence authority, doesn’t see it like Hobbes.
P – New Right.
Ex – extreme equality, morality of rational self-interest, state to be rolled back, x welfare state.
Ev – Rand, man exist for own sake, neither sacrificing himself nor others, pursuit of own.
An – doesn’t mean be selfish, treating others as individuals, supports atomism, +ve human nature.
Explain and analyze 3 divisions within conservatism. (9)
P – traditional conservatism.
Ex – respect for PP, order, tradition, oppose rev, support paternalistic & aristocratic rule.
Ev – Hobbes & Burke, Great Reform Act, Peel, gave rep to new merchant & business classes.
An – still areas of difference, Burke opposed Hobbes social contract, but discuss same principles.
P – one-nation Toryism.
Ex – threat of disorder continued, embrace nation to embrace unity, cohesion, and orderly change.
Ev – Oakeshott’s ideals, Disraeli or Bismarck, introduced proto-welfare state, protectionism.
An – essence of status quo, duty of aristocracy as paternalistic and philanthropic, x violent rev ideas.
P – The New Right.
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