Exam (elaborations)
Essay plans - political ideas
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- Political Ideologies
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- AQA
9 markers & 25 markers essay plans for topics listed in AQA Government and Politics A-level Paper 3
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Liberalism - RevisionE + A 3 liberalism views about tolerance. (9)
P – Mill & harm principle.
Ex – -ve freedom, society should interfere when other regarding actions > self-regarding actions.
Ev – On Liberty, gov cannot have too much of the kind of activity, but aids development.
An – one person’s pleasure is different to another, denial wrong, individual freedom has its limits.
P – Locke & religious tolerance.
Ex – -ve freedom, right to exercise widest freedom to act according to will, due to ability of reason.
Ev – Glorious Rev 1688, protestant supremacy, post-rev state extend tolerance to Roman Catholics.
An – freedom of speech, assign limits to tolerance, commit crimes expression curtail, Schenck v US.
P – Friedan & emancipation of women.
Ex – egotistical human nature = inequality, state needs to step in to promote equality of opportunity.
Ev – Friedan, human nature unchecked gender inequality, stop achieving individual happiness.
An – updates Locke’s beliefs in including tolerance of minorities which in her case applied to gender.
E + A 3 liberalism views about freedom (+ve/-ve) + (individual responsibility.) (9)
P – Locke & natural rights.
Ex –questions divine right of monarchs, individual freedom/liberty is a natural, inalienable.
Ev – Two Treatises of government, natural ‘life, liberty and property’, justifies small state.
An – clashes of interests, limit individual’s ability to advance happiness, social contract to resolve.
P – Wollstonecraft & women.
Ex – existing state, women not rational, argues need for formal equality, crucial for freedom.
Ev – A vindication of the rights of women, marriage, right to divorce, property not abridged.
An – acknowledges state increase society’s resources of intellect, wisdom & morality for progress.
P – Green & positive freedom.
Ex – freedom in organic society, subject to socio-economic forces beyond control, restricts liberty.
Ev – political obligation, developed clear arguments for positive freedom in his lecture within this.
An – not negative like Mill & Locke, but cooperative and altruistic, seen as positive freedom instead.
Explain and analyze 3 liberalism views about human nature. (9)
P – Locke & rationalism.
Ex – natural society, optimistic rationalism guides, states need to protect w/ min intervention.
Ev – Two Treatises of Government, attacks monarchy’s natural right to rule < social contract.
An – people individual pleasure seekers, ability to bring about progress & greater human happiness.
, Liberalism - Revision
P – Wollstonecraft & inequality.
Ex – optimistic, rational acknowledging state portrayed women as not rational w/ no formal equality.
Ev – women right to property, education, vote in A vindication for the rights of woman as rational.
An – rejects Locke, sees a selfish side, avoids over-optimism, Friedan recog need to balance power.
P – Green & intervention.
Ex – shares Friedan, human intervention to guide nature, needed for individuals to flourish.
Ev – Principles of Political Obligation, free poor from ignorance, disease, poor-quality housing.
An – earlier than Freidan, sentiment same, obligation to care for others & enjoy liberty.
Explain and analyze 3 liberalism views about equality/meritocracy. (9)
P – Locke & foundational equality.
Ex – belief that all born equal, same human or ‘natural’ rights and have the same moral worth.
Ev – Two Treatises of Government, attacks monarchial natural right to rule, state of nature free.
An – equal rights to property & law of nature, no-one harms another, Mill & liberty as natural right.
P – Wollstonecraft & formal equality.
Ex – women no formal equality, state promoted them w/ 0 rationality, slaves in political/civil sense.
Ev – A vindication of the rights of women, women formal equality via property, education, vote.
An – reaffirms consent by all, increase intellect, wisdom, and morality for progress, Friedan.
P – Rawls & equality of opportunity.
Ex – reaffirmed Locke’s foundational equality, everyone should have equal rights and basic liberties.
Ev – thought experiment, people under veil of ignorance, choose social & economically equal society.
An – is consistent w/ gov by consent, allows distributive justice incentivizes people to work harder.
Explain and analyze 3 liberalism views about rights. (9)
P – Locke & natural rights.
Ex – all human beings rights, same human or ‘natural’ rights and have the same moral worth.
Ev – Two Treatises of Government, attacks monarchial natural right to rule state of nature, rights.
An – equal rights to property, bound by the law, where no one harms, have everything, Mill & liberty.
P – Wollstonecraft & rights of women.
Ex – women no formal equality, state promoted them w/ rationality, like saves in political/civil sense.
Ev – A vindication of the rights of women, women formal equality w/ property, education, vote.
An – reaffirms gov by consent, would increase intellect, wisdom, and morality for progress, Friedan.
P – Green & equality of opportunity.
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