Summary
Summary Approaches Revision Table
- Module
- Approaches
- Institution
- AQA
Providing a full table including all the Approaches in psychology with evaluations, from Illuminate Psychology Year 1 Textbook
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Approach Assumptions and Beliefs Explanations of Evaluationsbehaviour, including
theories
The Learning Approach: Social • Behaviour is learned Vicarious Reinforcement Explains Cultural Differences in
Learning Theory from experience but SLT • Indirect learning takes Behaviour
proposed different way place when individual • Principles can count for
to how we learn observes behaviour of how children can learn
• OBSERVATION AND others from other individuals
IMITATION within social • Learner may imitate but around them
context generally only if • Can explain how cultural
• Suggests learning occurs behaviour is seen as norms transmitted
directly through classical rewarded through societies
and operant and also • Learner observed but • Proved useful in
indirectly most importantly the understanding range of
consequences behaviour
The Role of Meditational Over – Reliance on Evidence from
Processes Lab Studies
• Focuses on how mental • Ideas developed
factors involved in through observation of
learning young children’s
• Mediate the to behaviour in a lab
determine whether a setting
new response is • Often criticised for
acquired contrived nature e.g.
1. Attention demand characteristics
2. Retention • Bobo doll study main
3. Motivation purpose to strike the
4. Reproduction doll so research tells us
little about how they
Identification learn aggression
• More likely to repeat
behaviours if performed Underestimates Influence of
by role model Biological Factors
• Role model is possesses • Little reference to
similar characteristics biological factors
• Boys more aggressive
due to high testosterone
• Important influence on
behaviour is not
accounted for
The Learning Approach: • Only interested in Classical Conditioning – Pavlov’s Scientific Credibility
Behaviourism studying behaviour that Research • Able to bring the
is observed and • Learning through Language and methods
measured association and first of natural sciences into
• John B. Watson (1913) demonstrated by Ivan psychology through
rejected introspection as Pavlov focusing on
involved too many • Revealed dogs can be measurement of
concepts difficult to conditioned salivate to observable behaviour
measure the sound of bell • Emphasises importance
• Tried to maintain more • Showed how neutral of processes such as
control and objectivity stimulus can elicit a new objectivity and
within research, aims response through replication
that animals can replace association • Influential in
humans as experimental development of
subjects Operant Conditioning – Skinners psychology as a
Research scientific discipline
• Suggested that learning
is an active learning Real- Life Application
process where humans • Principles of
operate in their conditioning have been
environment applied to board range
• Positive Reinforcement: of real world behaviour
receiving a reward when • Operant conditioning is
a certain behaviour is the basis of token
performed e.g. praise economy systems and
from a teacher when
, answering a question used successfully in
correctly institutions e.g. prisons
• Negative • Work by rewarding
Reinforcement: avoiding appropriate behaviour
something unpleasant with tokens that can be
• Punishment: unpleasant exchanged for privileges
consequence of • Takes advantage of
behaviour requiring less effort
from patient as don’t
have to think about
problem
Mechanistic View of Behaviour
• Animals are seen as
passive and machine-
like responders to
environment
• Little or no conscious
insight
• Other approaches e.g.
social learning theory
have emphasised
importance of mental
events during learning
and response
• Suggests people play a
more active role in own
learning
• Means theory may apply
less to human than to
animal behaviour
Cognitive Approach • Focused on how our Theoretical and Computer Models Scientific And Objective Methods
mental processes affect • Our information • Employed highly
behaviour processing approach controlled and rigorous
• Processes are private so including an input, methods of study e.g.
psychologists must storage and retrieval Using lab environments
study indirectly by • How we process • Has enabled 2 fields of
making inferences as to information is claimed biology and cognitive
what is going on inside to be similar to a psychology to come
peoples mind on the computer together
basis of their behaviour The Role of Schema • Therefore establishing a
• Cognitive processing is credible science basis
affected by beliefs of for psychology
expectations Machine Reductionism
• Schema is a mental • Computer analogy
framework of the ignores influence of
interpretation of human emotion and
incoming information cognitive system
providing us with a • e.g. research has found
mental representation human memory can also
of everything be affected by
• This is how we process emotional factors
information so quickly (during EWT)
and know what to do in Application to Everyday Life
social situations • Psychologists can only
infer mental processes
from behaviour
observed
• Therefore can be
considered too abstract
and theoretical as
behaviour is subjective
• In experiments, I using
artificial stimuli which
does not represent
everyday tasks
therefore lack of
external validity
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